Radiology test 2

Emergency

An emergency is a serious unexpected event that demands immediate attention

Level 1 - Trauma Unit

Helicopter rescue, radiology, fluoroscopy, CT, MRI, nuclear medicine, angiography, sonography, neurologic care, highly trained support - surgeons, physicians

Level 2 - Trauma Unit

ED physicians 24 hr duty, trained nurses, radiology, surgicial, fluoroscopic, angiography, CT, MRI, patients can be transferred to level 1

Level 3 - Trauma Unit

Smaller community hospitals, ED physicians and radiology on call at night, can be transferred to level 2 or 1

Golden Hour

Stabilizing the trauma patient within the first hour after the accident

What three assessments are there for golden hour?

Cardiac, Respiratory, Vertebral Fracture

What imagining is primarily for trauma patients?

Primarily CT

Chest, pelvis, lateral cervical spine - radiology

STAT

30 mins

ASAP

2 hours

Routine

12 hours

Triage

process of identifying victims, initial examination and assigning priorities for futher care

-Cardiac
-Respiratory
-Vertebral Fracture

Emergency Code - RED

FIRE

Emergency Code - BLUE

Cardiac arrest, cessation of respiration

Emergency Code- ORANGE

Hazardous material spill

Emergency Code- GREY

Combative person

Emergency Code- Silver

Weapon or hostage

Emergency Code - AMBER

Infant/Child abduction

Emergency Code- YELLOW

Internal/External Disaster

Emergency Code- RAPID RESPONSE

Team response for deteriorating medical condition

Emergency Code- TRAUMA TEAM

Team response for trauma patients

Emergency Code- CLEAR

Resolved

Name some things on emergency carts (crash carts) ?

Board, Stethoscope, defibrillator, blood pressure, syringes or needles, chest compression

Nasal Cannula

Simple and most frequently used for long term oxygen administration

Simple face mask

Short term, uncomfortable, provide oxygen and humidity

Non-rebreathing mask

Attached reservior bag, 100% oxygen

Partial rebreathing mask

Allows some exhaled air to enter the bag, oxygen = 40%-70%

High flow mask

Venturi mask, oxygen = 24%-60% for patients with COPD

Tent

Higher rate of humidity and oxygen, pediatric department for children

Used when kids need extra oxygen but aren’t ready for a nasal cannula or mask

Tracheostomy

opening in trachea and tube inserted which allows air to bypass nose and mouth

Intubation

ET tube (ETT), tube passed through oral cavity into trachea

Ventilator

Respiratory device, controls respiratory rate, volume of inspiration rate, and oxygen content

Moving 02 from tank to wall

Maintain flow rate

Check flow meter

Both valves must be turned on

Under no circumstances should oxygen be completed removed

Respiratory arrest

Breathing stops

Pulmonary Embolism

blood clot blocks one of the pulmonary arteries in your lungs

When is suction needed?

Mucous, blood, vomitus

All respiratory Emergencies

Respiratory arrest

Choking

Asthma

PE - Pulmonary embolism

Cardiac Emergencies

Cardiac Arrest

Myocardial infarction

Angina Pectoris

Angina Pectoris

Unable to supply heart with oxygen

Myocardial infarction (MI)

Heart Attack

Cardiac Arrest

Heart stopped beating

Contrecoup injury

Injury is on the opposite side of the blow

Levels of Consciousness

1. Alert + Conscious

2. Drowsy but responsive

3. unconscious but reactive to painful stimuli

4. comatose

Glasgow Coma scale

-To assess a persons LOC

Eyes, verbal, motor responses

highest number = 15

Chest injuries

Hemothorax (blood in pleural space) and Pneumothorax (air in pleural space)

Treatment = chest drainage (thoracentesis)

Types of shock

Hypovolemic

Neurogenic

Cardiogenic

Septic

Anaphylactic

Hypovolemic shock

Large amount of blood has been lost

Neurogenic shock

Injury to nervous system caused by head or spinal trauma

Cardiogenic Shock

Cardiac failure caused by interference with the heart function

Septic Shock

Massive infection

Anaphylactic Shock

Allergic reaction, contact with foreign substances which the individual has become sensitized

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

Caused by kidney or pituitary disorder

polyuria + thirst

Fever, vomiting, and convulsions

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Type 1 - Autoimmune, under 25 years old, genetic environmental cause, Diabetic coma

Type 2- over 40 years old, low blood sugar, treated with hypoglycemic drugs

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Stroke

caused by hemmorrhage + occulusion

When blood flow to part of the brain is suddenly blocked or interrupted

FAST

BEFAST

Face, Arm, Speech, Time

Balance, Eyes, Face, Arm, Speech, Time

• Used to spot warning signs of a stroke

Vertigo

Lightheaded + dizzy because the room will be spinnin

Syncope

Fainting

Orthostatic Hypotension

-A mild reduction in oxygen supply to the brain that occurs with changes in body position

-Standing up too fast, start to feel lightheaded when getting up

Epistaxis

Nosebleed

Sterile members in the OR

Surgeon

Surgical Assistant

PA

Scrub nurse

CST - Certified Surgical technologist

Non-sterile members in OR

Anesthesia provider

Circulator

Radiographer

3 key elements to have a fire

Fuel

Oxygen

Heat

-Most common is electrical

RACE

Rescue, Alarm, Contain, Extingush/Evacute

-What to do when there is a fire

PASS

Pull, Aim (at base), Squeeze, Sweep

-using a fire extinguisher

Ergonomics

Study of the human body in relation to the working environment for the purpose of preventing injuries

Body mechanics + 3 principles

Principles of proper body alignment, movement, + balance

1. Base of support

2. Center of gravity

3. Line of gravity

3 items used with stretcher transfers

Draw sheet

Slider Board

Sliding mats

Element of history

Onset

Duration

Location

Quality of pain

Aggravates

Alleviates

Subjective data

Patient feelings, Pain level, Attitude, Opinion of observer

Objective Data

Perceptible to senses, able to be measured, signs that can be seen,heard, felt

ex. Skin temp, pallor

Pallor

Refers to the color of skin

Pale, Cyanotic, jaundice

Diaphoretic

Cold sweat

Orthopnea

Difficult to breath lying flat

Name the vital signs

Temperature

Pulse

Respiratory rate

Blood pressure

Normal temperature

98.6 Degrees Fahrenheit (+ or - 1)

Normal Pulse

60-100 BPM

Normal respiration

12-20 BPM

Normal blood pressure

systolic = 95-119 mmHg

Diastolic = 60-79 mmHg

Temperature locations on body

Oral, Axillary, Rectal, Tympanic, Temporal

Hyperthermia

High body temp

Hypothermia

Low body temp

Pulse locations on body

Brachial, Radial, Posterior tibial, Temporal, Carotid, Apical, Femoral, Popliteal, Dorsalis pedis

Tachycardia

Heart rate is greater than 100 bpm

Bradycardia

Heart rate is less than 60 bpm

Bradypnea

Slow breathing

Tachypnea

Fast breathing

Dyspnea

Difficulty breathing

Hyperventilating

Breathing too fast and deep, oxygen-carbon balance is off

Hypertension

High blood pressure

Hypotension

Low blood pressure - results in shock

BUN

Blood Urea Nitrogen

Normal- 7-18 mg/dL

Creatine

Waste product

Normal- 0.6 - 1.3 mg/dL

Arterial catheters

Monitors cardiac activity, measures heart rate + blood pressure

Electrocardiogram

Measures electrical activity of the heart

displays on graph

Label

1. P

2. R

3. Q

4. S

5. T

1. PR Segment

2. QRS Segment

3. ST Segment

4. QT Segment

Normal cardiac cycle

Atrial contraction/ventricular contraction and rest

P-R interval

P-R interval - beginning of de and re polization

atrial depolarization then ventricular depolarization

QRS interval

Ventricular contraction occurs because of depolarization

S-T interval

S-T ventricular contraction and recovery

Depolarization

electrical wave causing contraction of the chamber wall

Repolarization

an electrical recovery period