Week 8 (neurodevelopmental disorders)

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Dophamine and liking

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-dophamine implores us to pursue a reward but does not effect ‘liking’ mechanisms

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MOR’s

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-play a role in liking

-in the nac

-inhibitory

-in pain perception

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41 Terms

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Dophamine and liking

-dophamine implores us to pursue a reward but does not effect ‘liking’ mechanisms

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MOR’s

-play a role in liking

-in the nac

-inhibitory

-in pain perception

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MOR agonist

-decreases dislike reactions

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MOR antagonist

-blocks reward ‘liking reactions’

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Conception

-developmental period

-genetic liability

-gene relevance may change throughout lifespan

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Early development

-developmental period

-pre and perinatal periods

-risks associated with pregnancy

-impact may have grave effects but can also have subtle early lesions that dont develope till later

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adolescent

-developmental period

-grey matter pruning and myelination

-onset of many mental disorders

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whats a condition associated with conception

Down syndrome

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whats a condition associated with early development

licencephaly and fetal alchohol syndrome

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what conditions associate with early development and adolescence

ADHD and autism spectrum disorder

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Down syndrome

-purely genetic

-caused by trisomy (extra 21st chromosome)

-related to maternal age

-moderate to severe intellectual disability

-physical abnormalities

-is usually paired with…

  • congenital heart disease

  • more likely to have epilepsy and seizures

  • hearing loss

  • increased incidence of alziemers

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Physical characteristics of Down syndrome

-facial abnormality

-hand anamoly

-congenital heart defects

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Neural changes in Down syndrome

-less brain volume

-less frontal and temporal lobe volume

-structural and functional changes in the hippocampus

-intacts posterior and occipital lobe

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cognitive changes in Down syndrome

-learning, memory, and language

-verbal short term memory, explicit (declaritive) long term memory is imparied

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Licencephaly

-deficits in neural migration→ gyri and sulci dont form

-associated with developmental delay, seizure, and other anamoly depending on severity

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Fetal alchohol syndrome

-most vulnerable at first 3 months of gestation (when neurons migrate to their final places)

-preventible

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Neural changes of fetal alchohol syndrome

-smaller head

-less gyri/sulci

-altered striatum

-less brain vol

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cognitive changes in fetal alchohol syndrome

-learning and memory

-executive function

-attention

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behavioral changes in fetal alchohol syndrome

-seizure

-social and behavioral problems

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principles of network development

-Correlating regions are more focal

-Early in life: more connectivity in adjacent regions

-by adulthood long range connections solidify

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plasticity

-Development of the synapse is genetically determined

-selection on which synapses are strengthened and inhibited is enviormental

-^result in plasticity

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Critical v sensitive period

-a time in development where the brain is vulnerable to environmental influence

-gradual onset and ramping down sensitivity=sensitive period

-must be experienced at a certain window= critical period

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ADHD

-pattern of innatention and or hyperactive impulsivity that interferes with function or development

-must interfere socially, academically, or occupationally

-high comorbidity (esp with anxiety disorder, depression, ODD)

-early onset (3 and 4)

-treatment involves stimulants

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ADHD inattention

careless with mistakes, lack of attention to detail, cant sustain attention, doesnt seem to listen when spoken to, cant finish/follow through instructions, avoids or dislikes things requiring sustained mental effort

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ADHD hyperactivity/ impulsivity

fidgets, taps, squirms, leaves seat, runs, climbs, feels restless, cant play or do leisure activities quietly, talks excessively, cant wait turn, interrupts or intrudes

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Neural changes of ADHD

-smaller brain vol

-enigma studies = less stratum, amygdala, hippocampus volume

-cortical points dont reach as much thickness during neural development (esp the prefrontal cortex

-more immature connectivity w/ long range connections

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ADHD and dophamine

overall more dophamine transporters→DA levels in the synapse are LOWER

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Side effects of ADHD treatment

-sympathomimetics

-anxiety

-sleepiness

-psychosis

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Adderal

ADHD treatment

-mixed amphetamine salts

-stimulant

-strong monoamine reuptake inhibitor

-increases lifespan of released neurotransmitter

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Ritalin

ADHD treatment

-methylphenidate

-stimulant

-strong monoamine reuptake inhibitor

-Therapy doses of Ritalin occupy 60% of brain DA transporters

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ADHD behavioral treatment

-reinforcement programs

  • reward -appropriate behaviors

  • punish-innapropriate behaviors

  • parent training

  • social skills training

-combined treatment highly recomdended for co morbid cases

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ASD

-deficits in social communication and interactions across contexts

  • lack of emotional reciprocity

  • lack of nonverbal communication

  • lack of developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships

-restricted repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities

  • inflexible routines

  • repititve movements or speech

-must be present in early developmental period, may not be present until social situations uncover them

-must cause impaired functioning

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variability in ASD

-highly variable

-1/3 may have seizures/epilespsy

-likely from genetic, enviorment, and gene-enviorment interactions, developmental factors

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genetic factors in ASD

-15 % of cases associate with known genetic mutations (x syndrome and tuberous sclerosis)

-primary polygenic heritability

-gene-environment interactions

  • advanced maternal/paternal age

  • gestaional delivery and complications

  • exposure to toxins, teratogenic agents

-most vulnerable before, during, and immediatly after birth

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ASD and pruning

-ASD patient→ more synapse connections

^(more than one way to impact pruning)

-more connectivity→ more social deficit

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Behavioral ASD treatment

-children with autism cannot or will not imitate, making language learning difficult

-communication and language training

  • shaping→ teaching immitation

  • sign language

  • devices to speak for child

-skill building

-reduce problem behaviors

-increased socialization

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applied behavior analysis

a type of interpersonal therapy that targets specific skills (normally social) based on learning theory principles like operant conditioning

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antipsychotics

-Biological ASD treatment

-usually risperidone or aripiprazole

-block DA, treat agression, and self injurious behavior

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seratonin reuptake inhibitors

-Biological ASD treatment

-targets severe anxiety

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anti convulsants

-biological ASD treatment

1/3 rd of patients suffer from epilepsy

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Oxytocin

-Biological ASD treatment

-hormone associated with empathy and bonding