Dophamine and liking
-dophamine implores us to pursue a reward but does not effect ‘liking’ mechanisms
MOR’s
-play a role in liking
-in the nac
-inhibitory
-in pain perception
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Dophamine and liking
-dophamine implores us to pursue a reward but does not effect ‘liking’ mechanisms
MOR’s
-play a role in liking
-in the nac
-inhibitory
-in pain perception
MOR agonist
-decreases dislike reactions
MOR antagonist
-blocks reward ‘liking reactions’
Conception
-developmental period
-genetic liability
-gene relevance may change throughout lifespan
Early development
-developmental period
-pre and perinatal periods
-risks associated with pregnancy
-impact may have grave effects but can also have subtle early lesions that dont develope till later
adolescent
-developmental period
-grey matter pruning and myelination
-onset of many mental disorders
whats a condition associated with conception
Down syndrome
whats a condition associated with early development
licencephaly and fetal alchohol syndrome
what conditions associate with early development and adolescence
ADHD and autism spectrum disorder
Down syndrome
-purely genetic
-caused by trisomy (extra 21st chromosome)
-related to maternal age
-moderate to severe intellectual disability
-physical abnormalities
-is usually paired with…
congenital heart disease
more likely to have epilepsy and seizures
hearing loss
increased incidence of alziemers
Physical characteristics of Down syndrome
-facial abnormality
-hand anamoly
-congenital heart defects
Neural changes in Down syndrome
-less brain volume
-less frontal and temporal lobe volume
-structural and functional changes in the hippocampus
-intacts posterior and occipital lobe
cognitive changes in Down syndrome
-learning, memory, and language
-verbal short term memory, explicit (declaritive) long term memory is imparied
Licencephaly
-deficits in neural migration→ gyri and sulci dont form
-associated with developmental delay, seizure, and other anamoly depending on severity
Fetal alchohol syndrome
-most vulnerable at first 3 months of gestation (when neurons migrate to their final places)
-preventible
Neural changes of fetal alchohol syndrome
-smaller head
-less gyri/sulci
-altered striatum
-less brain vol
cognitive changes in fetal alchohol syndrome
-learning and memory
-executive function
-attention
behavioral changes in fetal alchohol syndrome
-seizure
-social and behavioral problems
principles of network development
-Correlating regions are more focal
-Early in life: more connectivity in adjacent regions
-by adulthood long range connections solidify
plasticity
-Development of the synapse is genetically determined
-selection on which synapses are strengthened and inhibited is enviormental
-^result in plasticity
Critical v sensitive period
-a time in development where the brain is vulnerable to environmental influence
-gradual onset and ramping down sensitivity=sensitive period
-must be experienced at a certain window= critical period
ADHD
-pattern of innatention and or hyperactive impulsivity that interferes with function or development
-must interfere socially, academically, or occupationally
-high comorbidity (esp with anxiety disorder, depression, ODD)
-early onset (3 and 4)
-treatment involves stimulants
ADHD inattention
careless with mistakes, lack of attention to detail, cant sustain attention, doesnt seem to listen when spoken to, cant finish/follow through instructions, avoids or dislikes things requiring sustained mental effort
ADHD hyperactivity/ impulsivity
fidgets, taps, squirms, leaves seat, runs, climbs, feels restless, cant play or do leisure activities quietly, talks excessively, cant wait turn, interrupts or intrudes
Neural changes of ADHD
-smaller brain vol
-enigma studies = less stratum, amygdala, hippocampus volume
-cortical points dont reach as much thickness during neural development (esp the prefrontal cortex
-more immature connectivity w/ long range connections
ADHD and dophamine
overall more dophamine transporters→DA levels in the synapse are LOWER
Side effects of ADHD treatment
-sympathomimetics
-anxiety
-sleepiness
-psychosis
Adderal
ADHD treatment
-mixed amphetamine salts
-stimulant
-strong monoamine reuptake inhibitor
-increases lifespan of released neurotransmitter
Ritalin
ADHD treatment
-methylphenidate
-stimulant
-strong monoamine reuptake inhibitor
-Therapy doses of Ritalin occupy 60% of brain DA transporters
ADHD behavioral treatment
-reinforcement programs
reward -appropriate behaviors
punish-innapropriate behaviors
parent training
social skills training
-combined treatment highly recomdended for co morbid cases
ASD
-deficits in social communication and interactions across contexts
lack of emotional reciprocity
lack of nonverbal communication
lack of developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships
-restricted repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities
inflexible routines
repititve movements or speech
-must be present in early developmental period, may not be present until social situations uncover them
-must cause impaired functioning
variability in ASD
-highly variable
-1/3 may have seizures/epilespsy
-likely from genetic, enviorment, and gene-enviorment interactions, developmental factors
genetic factors in ASD
-15 % of cases associate with known genetic mutations (x syndrome and tuberous sclerosis)
-primary polygenic heritability
-gene-environment interactions
advanced maternal/paternal age
gestaional delivery and complications
exposure to toxins, teratogenic agents
-most vulnerable before, during, and immediatly after birth
ASD and pruning
-ASD patient→ more synapse connections
^(more than one way to impact pruning)
-more connectivity→ more social deficit
Behavioral ASD treatment
-children with autism cannot or will not imitate, making language learning difficult
-communication and language training
shaping→ teaching immitation
sign language
devices to speak for child
-skill building
-reduce problem behaviors
-increased socialization
applied behavior analysis
a type of interpersonal therapy that targets specific skills (normally social) based on learning theory principles like operant conditioning
antipsychotics
-Biological ASD treatment
-usually risperidone or aripiprazole
-block DA, treat agression, and self injurious behavior
seratonin reuptake inhibitors
-Biological ASD treatment
-targets severe anxiety
anti convulsants
-biological ASD treatment
1/3 rd of patients suffer from epilepsy
Oxytocin
-Biological ASD treatment
-hormone associated with empathy and bonding