HGAP UNIT 4 KC 3 LHS 2022-2023

HGAP UNIT 4 KC 3 LHS 2022-2023

Devolution

The transfer of some political power from the central government to subnational levels of government. (Used to keep a country united but still grant some powers to calm the people down/ reduce political tension)

Ethnic Separatism

is the advocacy of full political separation (or secession) from the larger group along cultural, ethnic, tribal, or governmental lines.

Ethnic Cleansing

a purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent or terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas.

Terrorism

s organized violence aimed at government and civilian targets to create fear for the advancement of political goals. (commonly used by non-governmental groups that do not have an army.)

Irredentism

is a movement to unite people who share a language or other cultural elements but are divided by a national boundary. (Nagorno-Karabakh demanded that they be allowed to join the country of Armenia, which supported their demands.)

Autonomous Regions

Have their own local and legislative bodies to govern a region with a population that is an ethnic minority within the entire country. (Like a Us states or like local goverments)

Subnationalism

describes people who have a primary allegiance to a traditional group or ethnicity.

Balkanization

The fragmentation of a state or region into smaller, often hostile, units along ethno-linguistic lines

Globalization

is the integration of markets, states, communication, and trade on a worldwide scale.

Supranationalism

The practice of multiple countries forming an organization for the benenfit of all members (WHO, NATO, UN, EU, ASEAN, WTO, OPEC)

United Nations (UN)

Made in 1945, 193 states: most countries of the world and two others as non-member observer states. To promote peace, security and human rights. Headquarters: New York

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Made in 1949, 30 states: United States, Canada, Iceland, most countries in western and central Europe, and Turkey. To provide mutual defense of member states. Headquarters: • Brussels, Belgium

European Union (EU)

Made in 1993, 27 states: mostly countries in western and central Europe .To integrate member states politically and economically. Head quarters: Brussels, Belgium

United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), 2020 formerly NAFTA (1994-2019)

Made in 2020, 3 states: United States, Mexico, and Canada To stimulate free trade among members. Headquarters: Washington, DC • Mexico City • Ottawa, Canada

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Made in 1967, 10 states: countries from SE Asia. To advance economic growth, peace, social progress, and cultural and economic development in the region. Headquarters Jakarta, Indonesia

Arctic Council

Made in 1996, 8 states: Only countries with territory in the Arctic— Canada, Russia, the United States, and countries of northern Europe . To foster cooperation, coordination, and interaction among the Arctic states with participation of Arctic indigenous communities . Headquarters • Tromsø, Norway

African Union

Made in 2002, 55 states: all countries in Africa.To advocate peace, security, and stability on the continent through greater cooperation, economic development, and global integration. Headquarters Addis Ababa, Ethiopia • Johannesburg, South Africa

World Trade Organization (WTO)

The goal of the WTO is to have countries agree to a set of fair and non-discriminatory guidelines for international trade. A secondary goal of the WTO is to ensure that trade flows smoothly, freely, and predictibly.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Focuses on the production of oil, or petroleum. To coordinate and unify its members' petroleum policies in order to stabilize oil markets.

Transnational Corporations

Companies that conduct business on a global scale, has dramatically weakened state sovereignty.

Democratization

the spread of representative government to more countries and the process of making governments more representative.

Time-Space Compression

The greater interconnection between places that results from improvements in transportation

Centrifugal Forces

those that divide a group of people or a region. These forces can pull apart societies, nations, and states, and are essentially centripetal forces in reverse.

Centripetal Forces

those that unify a group of people or a region. These forces may include a common language and religion, a shared heritage and history, ethnic unity and tolerance, a just and fair legal system, a charismatic leader, or any other unifying aspect of culture.

Regionalism

When loyalty to a distinct portion ofa country is more important than loyalty to the entire country.

Ethnonationalism

Is The support for the political interests ofa particular ethnic group within a state, especially its national independence or self-determination (fragmentation within Syria and Iraq gave rise to Kurdish independence movements in those countries.)

Nationalism

The strong feelings of patriotism and loyalty one feels toward one's country, promotes a sense of belonging, even if a country's population is an ethnically diverse one.