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36 Terms

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Electron
Subatomic particles that have a negative charge.
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Where are electrons found?
In shells or energy levels that surround the nucleus of the atom.
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Bohr Model
A model that shows negative electrons circling positive protons at fixed positions from the nucleus.
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Erwin Schrödinger
Proposed that electrons travel in waves, not in fixed orbits as per Bohr's model.
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Orbital
A region around the nucleus where electrons are most likely to be found.
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Quantum Mechanical Model
Describes orbitals as fuzzy clouds that indicate where electrons are likely to be found.
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Electron Cloud
The location of electrons as described by the quantum mechanical model.
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Energy Levels
Fixed distances from the nucleus where electrons can be found.
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Valence Electrons
Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom.
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Principal Energy Levels
Like parking levels, each has spots (orbitals) for electrons.
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Orbital Types
There are four types: S, P, D, and F.
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Orbital Shapes and Electron Capacity
S - Sphere, holds 2; P - Peanut, holds 6; D - Dumbbell, holds 10; F - Flower, holds 14.
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Aufbau Principle
Each electron occupies the lowest energy level available.
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Pauli Exclusion Principle
Two electrons can occupy a single orbital only if they have opposite spins.
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Hund’s Rule
Single electrons with the same spin must occupy degenerate orbitals before pairing.
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Electron Configuration
The arrangement of electrons in an atom.
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Octet Rule
Atoms are most stable when they have 8 electrons in their outermost shell.
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Lewis Dot Structures
Diagrams that show only the valence electrons of an element.
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Electromagnetic Wave
A wave that transfers energy through matter or across space.
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Speed of Light
Approximately 2.998 x 10^8 m/s.
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Radio Waves
The first waves on the electromagnetic spectrum.
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AM vs FM Radio
Distinguished by variations in amplitude (AM) and frequency (FM).
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Microwaves
Waves with relatively long wavelengths and low frequencies, used in cooking and communication.
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Radar
Radio Detection and Ranging; uses reflected microwaves.
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Infrared Light
Light with the longest wavelength and lowest frequency, felt as heat.
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Visible Light
The narrow range of wavelengths that humans can see.
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Ultraviolet Light
Light with shorter wavelengths than visible light, can kill germs and cause skin damage.
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X-Rays
High-frequency electromagnetic waves used in medical imaging.
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Gamma Rays
Short wavelength, high-frequency waves with the most energy, produced by radioactive sources.
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Transverse Wave
A wave where particles vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave travel.
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Wave Amplitude
The maximum distance particles move from their resting positions during a wave.
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Wave Frequency
The number of waves passing a fixed point in a given time period.
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Atomic Emission
Occurs when heated atoms/ions absorb energy and then emit electromagnetic energy as electrons return to their ground state.
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Spectral Lines
Unique light emission patterns from elements that can be used to identify them.
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Photon
A quantum of electromagnetic energy.
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Flame Test
A method to identify metallic ions based on the color produced when heated in a flame.