Introduction to Logic

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A compilation of the key terms from each week in the course: Introduction to Logic.

118 Terms

1

Stoicism

A philosophy advocating the repression of emotion and indifference to pleasure or pain. This term is named after the Greek Stoics (dating from around 300 B.C.) who held to such a philosophy. See Acts 17:18.

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2

Belief

A positive mental attitude toward a proposition; something a person accepts as true.

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3

False

Contrary to the mind of God. Something is false if it is something that God would never say.

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4

Implications

That which is suggested by evidence or reasoning. That which follows logically from something else.

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5

Logic/Logical

In accordance with the laws of logic: reasonable.

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6

Rational

In accordance with laws of logic: logical.

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7

True

Conforming to the mind of God. Something is true if it is something that God would say.

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8

Faith

Having confidence in something not perceived with the senses.

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9

Revelation (Divine)

The disclosure of information from God to man.

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10

Knowledge

Knowledge is true, justified belief.

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11

Laws of Logic

Universal, invariant, abstract rules of correct reasoning.

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12

Objective

Independent of the person. Something is objective if it is the same for all people.

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13

Propositional

A truth claim. A proposition is either true or false (though sometimes we don't know which).

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14

Sovereign

Having supreme power or authority and not required to answer to any higher authority.

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15

Special Revelation

The disclosure of information from God to man contained in the Bible.

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16

Emulate

To copy or imitate; to match the characteristics of another.

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17

Qualitatively

Pertaining to the quality, kind, or nature of a thing, regardless of the amount or degree.

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18

Quantitatively

Pertaining to the amount, degree, or number of something.

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19

Sin

Disobedience to God.

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20

Speculation

Conjecture, guess, or hypothesis, without sufficient supporting evidence.

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21

Proposition

A truth claim. A proposition is either true or false (though sometimes we don't know which).

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22

Argument

A series of propositions where the truth of one is said to follow from the others.

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23

Premise

A proposition in an argument that is taken as an accepted fact.

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24

Conclusion

The proposition in an argument that the person is attempting to prove.

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25

Inferences

Opinions formed from evidence; what people reason to be true or likely true from evidence or reason.

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26

Persuasive

The tendency to include belief or behavior in a person. A persuasive argument is one in which most people will accept the conclusion as true.

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27

Deductive Argument

An argument in which the conclusion is certainly true if the premises are.

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28

Inductive Argument

An argument in which the conclusion is likely to be true if the premises are.

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29

Fallacy

A common error in reasoning.

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30

Absolute

Independent of arbitrary standards; being without exception or qualification.

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31

Abstract

Existing in thought as an idea but having no physical or material existence.

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32

Conceptual

Abstract; existing within the mind such as a thought or idea.

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33

Invariant

Not changing over time.

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34

Law of Identity

"A thing is itself" or "If A then A."

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35

Law of Non-Contradiction

The compound proposition "A and not-A" is always false. Or, "You cannot have A and not-A at the same time and in the same sense."

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36

Law of the Excluded Middle

The compound proposition "A or not-A" is always true. Or, "Either A is true, or not-A is true." A proposition always has the opposite truth value of its negation.

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37

Negation

The opposite proposition formed by adding "it is not the case that" to the original proposition.

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38

Omni-Present

Able to exist or exert power at all locations in space at the same time.

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39

Universal

Applicable everywhere.

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40

Extrapolate

To project or expand beyond known data or experiences based on patterns exhibited in known data or experiences; to infer unknown values or properties based on known values or properties.

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41

Justify

To provide reasons for a proposition.

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42

Monotheistic

Pertaining to the belief or conviction that there is one and only one God.

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43

Polytheistic

Pertaining to the belief that there are multiple gods.

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44

Repealed

Removed, rescinded, or annulled. A law that has been repealed is no longer binding.

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45

Contradiction

The negation of a proposition, or the combination of the proposition and its negation. "A and not-A" is a contradiction.

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46

Intuitive

In accordance with our feelings or expectations.

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47

Pragmatic

Practical; based on what works regardless of theoretical considerations, principles, moral implications, or truth.

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48

Self-Refuting

That which shows itself to be wrong. A self-refuting argument is one in which the conclusion is inconsistent with one or more of the premises.

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49

Transcend

To go beyond.

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50

Apparent

Something that appears clear to the eye or mind, though it may not be.

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51

Prerequisites

Those things that are required in advance; that which is necessary to a particular end.

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52

Rhetoric

The art or skill of speaking or writing effectively and persuasively (regardless of considerations of logic or truth).

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53

Subjective

Dependent on the thoughts or feelings of the individual.

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54

Arbitrary

Something that does not have a specific reason.

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55

Cogent

An informal argument is cogent if the conclusion is likely to be true.

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56

Inconsistent

At variance or not compatible. Two things are inconsistent if they do not go well together.

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57

Lexical Definition

The definition of a word found in a dictionary or lexicon.

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58

Stripulative Definition

A declaration of the meaning of a word or phrase that does not already have an established use.

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59

Precising Definition

The definition of a word that is consistent with its lexical definition, but which adds further restrictions for the purpose of clarification or scientific precision.

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60

Theoretical Definition

A stipulative or lexical definition that is associated with a particular scientific theory.

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61

Persuasive Definition

A fallacious definition, not found in any dictionary, that is intended to persuade someone. (Rhetorical definition.)

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62

Referent

The object or idea to which a word points or symbolizes.

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63

Ambiguity

The quality of being unclear in meaning; the capacity to be understood in two or more ways.

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64

Biased

Inclined or prejudiced to a particular position.

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65

Linguistic Token

A written or spoken symbol that represents something else. Words are linguistic tokens.

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66

Formal Logic

The study of the principles of correct reasoning that focuses on the structure (or form) of the argument.

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67

Informal Logic

The study of the principles of correct reasoning which does not focus on the structure of an argument.

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68

Sound

An argument that is valid and also has true premise. A sound argument always has a true conclusion.

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69

Syllogism

A categorical argument containing two premises and one conclusion.

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70

Valid

An argument in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.

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71

Enthymeme

An argument with an unstated premise or an unstated conclusion.

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72

Fallacy of Ambiguity

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has used words or phrases in a way that is confusing or vague.

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73

Fallacy of Presumption

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has assumed something that is unproved or doubtful.

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74

Fallacy of Relevance

A category of logical fallacy in which the conclusion of the argument is not strongly relevant to the premises.

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75

Equivocation

Shifting from one meaning of a word to another within an argument.

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76

Reification

Attributing a concrete characteristic to something abstract.

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77

Fallacy of Accent

Changing the meaning of proposition by placing undue emphasis on a word or phrase.

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78

Collective

The use of "all" that means "all together" or taken as a whole - in contrast to distributive.

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79

Fallacy of Composition

Falsely assuming that what is true of the parts/individuals must also be true of the whole/group.

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80

Fallacy of Division

Falsely assuming that what is true of the whole/group must also be true of the parts/individuals.

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81

Distributive

the use of "all" that means "each and every one" taken separately -- in contrast to collective.

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82

Hasty Generalization

Drawing a generalization from too few specific examples.

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83

Sweeping Generalization

Applying a generalization to an exception.

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84

False Cause Fallacy

The error of attributing a cause-and-effect relationship between two events that do not actually have such a relationship.

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85

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Fallacy

"After this, therefore because of this." The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event A caused event B solely on the basis that B came after A.

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86

Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

"With this, therefore because of this." The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event A caused event B solely on the basis that the two events occur together.

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87

Begging the Question

Arbitrarily assuming what one is attempting to prove as part of the proof.

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88

Virtuous Circle

An argument that has some degree of unavoidable circularity due to the essential nature of the claim, and yet is self-consistent and non-arbitrary.

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89

Vicious Circle

A way of reasoning that arbitrarily assumes what the person is attempting to prove. Vicious circles commit the fallacy of begging the question.

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90

Hypothetical

Something that is based on speculation or conjecture for the sake of discussion or argument.

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91

Question-Begging Epithet

Using biased (often emotional) language to persuade people rather than using logic.

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92

Complex Question

Attempting to persuade by asking a loaded question.

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93

Fallacy of Bifurcation

Claiming there are only two mutually exclusive possibilities, when there is a third option (or more).

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94

The No True Scotsman Fallacy

The error of defining a term in a biased way that would not be found in a dictionary in order to protect a claim from evidence to the contrary.

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95

Special Pleading

The error of (arbitrarily) using a double standard, especially when the arguer exempts himself from a standard he applies to others.

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96

False Analogy

The error of drawing erroneous inferences from an analogy that is not similar in relevant ways to the topic under discussion.

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97

Slippery Slope Fallacy

Arguing that a given action will set off a chain reaction leading to a particular result, when in reality other factors are likely to prevent that result.

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98

Weak

An informal argument is weak if the conclusion is not likely to be true.

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99

Ad Hominem

Directing an argument against the person making the claim rather than the claim itself.

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100

Abusive Ad Hominem

Arguing that a person's argument is wrong by attacking the character of the person.

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