ATI TEAS Endocrine System (Hormones)

Hypothalamus

Small collection of nuclei with many important homeostatic functions - regulation of hunger, thirst, fluid balance, body temp., sleep/wake cycle.

What two hormones are produced by the hypothalamus?

1.ADH - Anti-diuretic hormone

2. Oxytocin

ADH - Anti-diuretic hormone

Produced by the hypothalamus

Controls water balance - increase the amount of water retained by the kidneys.

Diuretic vs. Anti-diuretic

Diuretic = a chemical that increases urine production - which decreases the amount of water in the body.

Anti-diuretic = Increases the amount of water retained by the body, therefore decreasing urine production.

Oxytocin

(Females only) A hormone produced by the hypothalamus. Stimulates uterine contractions during birth also is triggered by infant suckling to stimulate milk ejection by binding to mammary glands.

The hypothalamus works directly with which endocrine gland?

Pituitary Gland

What connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland?

Infundibulum - a stalk like structure

What component of the pituitary gland is made up of nervous tissue and does not produce any hormones?

The posterior pituitary gland (neuronohypophysis)

What component of the pituitary gland is composed of hormone - secreting glandular epithelium?

Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) (adeno = gland)

Where is oxytocin and ADH stored?

The posterior pituitary gland

Anterior Pituitary Hormones (6)

' TP FLAG'

1. TSH - Thyroid stimulating hormone

2. Prolactin

3. FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone

4. LH - Luteinizing hormone

5. ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone

6. GH - Growth hormone

(TSH) Thyroid stimulating hormone

Stimulates the development of the thyroid gland.

TARGET CELL: Thyroid.

(PRL) Prolactin

"lact" = milk ; Targets mammary glands where it stimulates growth of mammary glands, milk production.

TARGET CELL: mammary glands

FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone

(Gonadotrophin) Responsible for maturation of follicle growth in ovaries. Also works with LH, to stimulate the production of estrogen in females and testosterone in males.

TARGET CELL: male and female gonads

LH - Luteinizing hormone

(Gonadotrophin) Stimulates the male and females gonads - testes and ovaries. Stimulates the production of the male hormone testosterone and the female hormone estrogen.

TARGET CELL: male and female gonads

ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Stimulates the adrenal glands for cortisol production.

TARGET CELL: Adrenal glands

Growth Hormone

Regulates growth, body composition, and metabolism.

TARGET CELL: Cardiac/Smooth muscle, liver, bone, and fat.

8 Major Endocrine Glands

1.Adrenal Cortex

2. Adrenal Medulla

3. Thyroid Gland

4. Parathyroid

5. Pancreas

6. Thymus Gland

7. Pineal Gland

8. Pituitary Gland

Adrenal Cortex

Maintains blood sugar level by producing the hormone:

- Cortisol

- Aldosterone

Cortisol

helps use up sugar and fats for energy (glycogenesis) (metabolism) ; helps regulate stress; has anti-inflammation properties.

Aldosterone

Maintains blood pressure (increase of Na+); Maintains an acid-base homeostasis by activating H+ ions; Retains both water and sodium.

Adrenal Medulla

epinephrine- heart

nonepinphrine- blood vessles both for fight and flight

Thyroid Gland

Located in the anterior of the neck just superficial to the larynx.

Produces 2 hormones:

1. Thyroid hormones - (T4) Thyroxine & (t3) triiodothyronine

2. Calcitonin

T3 & T4 - Thyroid Hormones fiction

acid-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland. (bounded to Iodine atoms);

Function:

1. Regulation of metabolic rate

2. Promotion of growth and development

3. Increases the production of receptors in the Sympathetic Nervous System - helps regulate BP, heart rate, & other actions of the SNS.

Calcitonin

Hormone produced by the Thyroid Gland - helps maintain blood calcium levels.

Parathyroid Gland

Maintains calcium and phosphorus levels.

Produces PTH (parathyroid hormone) when there is a decline in blood calcium. PTH works to increase calcium ion levels from bone stimulation of osteoclasts.

Pancreas

Help in raising/lowering blood sugar levels; Carbohydrate metabolism.

Produces: Insulin (lowers) and Glucagon (raises) hormones; both work to maintain the blood sugar level.

Insulin

Protein hormone produced by the pancreas to control carbohydrate metabolism by LOWERING the amount of glucose in the body. Beta cells secrete.

Promotes satiety - the feeling of fullness.

Glucagon

Peptide hormone produced by the pancreas; Increases the amount of glucose in the blood. Alpha cells secrete.

Promotes ketone bodies

Islets of Langerhans

Endocrine cells of the pancreas that are primarily made up of insulin producing beta cells and glucagon releasing alpha cells.

Thymus Gland

**SHRINKS IN ADULTS**

The site of maturation of a class of WBCs called -

T- lymphocytes that are involved in immune response.

Secretes hormones:

1. Thymosin

2. Thymopoietin

(both hormones assist in maturation of T lymphocytes)

Lymphocytes

In lymph nodes; WBC's that make antibodies

Pineal Gland

Part of the epithalamus; Secretes melatonin which triggers the sleep regulation of the brain stem where it regulates the sleep/wake cycle.