320 research and evidence based practice

goals of nursing research

develope scientific knowledge to

• improve patient care

• shape clinical experience

• optimize health outcomes

national institute of nursing research goals

• build the scientific foundation of clinical practice

• prevent disease and disability

• manage and eliminate symptoms caused by illness

• enhance end-of-life and palliative care

quantitative research

• formal, objective, and systematic process used to gather and analyze numerical data

• large samples, uses statistical analysis

• randomized control trials, descriptive studies, correlational studies, quasi-experimental studies

independent variable

the variable that the researcher changes, manipulates, or selects to see if it has an effect. it is the presumed cause

dependent variab;e

the variable that the researcher measures or observes to see how it changes. it is the presumed effect or outcome that depends on the independent variable

hypothesis

a specific, clear, and testable statement that predicts the expected outcome or relationship between two or more variables in a study. Testable, falsifiable (outcome could prove hypothesis false), specific, clear

data

numerical info collected to measure, count, or statistically analyze patterns, behaviors, and relationships

instruments

biophysical, psycometric scales, psychosocial scales, structures surveys, and questionnaires

descriptive

(type of quant. research) describes situation/phenomenon

correlational

(type of quant, research) statistical relationship between 2 or more variables

quasi-experimental

(type of quant research) cause/effect:intervention or treatment

experimental

(type of quant research) randomized controlled trial

steps of quantitative research

• state the research problem

• define purpose of the study

• review related literature

• formilate hypotheses and variables

• select population and sample

• analyze data

• communicate findings and conclusions

qualitative research

a systematic subjective, approach used to describe and promote an understanding of human experiences, emotions, and meanings related to health and illness. instead of measuring numbers or stats, it collects words, stories, and observations to explore the lived experiences of patients, families, populations, and nurses. themes/patterns are identified.

• smaller numbers

• phenomenology:lived experience

• grounded theory:new theory emerges

• ethnography: behaviors, values, traditions, culture/population

• case study

• qualitative descriptive

• action research

• narrative inquiry

values of clinical research

• value

• scientific validity

• fair subject selection

• favorable risk-benefit ratio

• independent review

• informed consent

• respect for enrolled subject

• do no harm

Evidence-based practice

• problem-solving

• specific nursing interventions

• madnates analysis/review of research findings

best research evidence

high-quality findings from quantitative and qualitative studies, clinical trials, and meta-analysis

clinical nursing expertise

the nurse’s clinical judgement, accumulated skills, critical thinking, and past experiences caring for patients

patient values and preferences

the patient’s background, personal beliefs, financial situation, goals, and comfort levels

steps in implementing EBP

• cultivate a spirit of inquiry

• ask the burning clinical question in PICOT format

• search/collect most relevant best practice

• critically apprise the evidence

• integrate

• evaluate

• disseminate

PICOT

• P: patient

• I- intervention

• C-compassion

• O-outcome

• T-time

impediments to nursing research

• limited time to participate in research

• restricted access to resources

• lack of educational preparation