(Study Guide) Chapter 14 - Honors World History

What were the three main issues that Church reformers were most distressed by?

• Many village priests married and had families. Such marriages were against Church rulings.

• Bishops sold positions in the Church, a practice called simony

• Using the practice of lay investiture, kings appointed church bishops. Church reformers believed the Church alone should appoint bishops

In the 1100's and 1200's, what was the Church restructured to resemble?

In the 1100s and 1200s, the Church was restructured to resemble a kingdom, with the pope at its head

What type of law did the Curia develop?

It developed canon law (the law of the Church) on matters such as marriage, divorce, and inheritance.

What consumed one-tenth of the yearly income of most Christian families?

The Church collected taxes in the form of tithes. These consumed one-tenth the yearly income from every Christian family.

What vows did friars take? Who did they preach to?

Like monks, friars took vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience. Unlike monks, friars did not live apart from the world in monasteries. Instead, they preached to the poor throughout Europe's towns and cities.

Who founded one of earliest orders of friars?

Dominic, a Spanish priest, founded the Dominicans, one of the earliest orders of friars.

What friar treated all creatures as spiritual brothers and sisters?

Francis treated all creatures, including animals, as if they were his spiritual brothers and sisters.

What were larger churches in city areas called?

Cathedrals, they were built in larger city areas.

What style of churches was built between 800 and 1100?

Between about 800 and 1100, churches were built in the Romanesque style.

What new style of architecture emerged in the 1100's?

In the early 1100s, a new style of architecture, known as Gothic, evolved throughout medieval Europe.

What arts of the medieval world were evident in Gothic cathedrals?

Other arts of the medieval world were evident around or in the Gothic cathedral—sculpture, wood carvings, and stained glass windows.

What cathedral built in Paris had a ceiling that reached 100 feet?

In Paris, the vaulted ceiling of the Cathedral of Notre Dame eventually rose to more than 100 feet.

Why did the Byzantine emperor ask the Pope for help?

The emperor asked for help against the Muslim Turks. They were threatening to conquer his capital, Constantinople.

What did Pope Urban Il call for in response to the emperor's appeal?

He issued a call for what he termed a "holy war," a Crusade, to gain control of the Holy Land.

What did the Pope want to reunite through a crusade?

The pope wanted to reclaim Palestine and reunite Christendom, which had split into Eastern and Western branches in 1054.

In what ways did merchants hope to profit from later crusades?

In the later Crusades, merchants profited by making cash loans to finance the journey.

According to the Pope, what were crusaders who were killed in battle assured of?

According to the pope, those who died on Crusade were assured of a place in heaven.

Why were crusaders ill-prepared for battle?

Many knew nothing of the geography, climate, or culture of the Holy Land. They had no grand strategy to capture Jerusalem.

What city did the crusaders capture on July 15, 1099?

An army of 12,000 (less than one-fourth of the original army) approached Jerusalem. The Crusaders besieged the city for over a month. On July 15, 1099, they captured the city.

What city was re-conquered by the Turks?

In 1144, Edessa was reconquered by the Turks.

What city fell to Saladin in 1187?

In 1187, Europeans were shocked to learn that Jerusalem itself had fallen to a Kurdish warrior and Muslim leader Saladin.

What English king led the Third Crusade and eventually negotiated a truce with Saladin?

Richard the Lion-Hearted.

Instead of reaching the Holy Land, what city did knights of the Fourth Crusade loot?

They ended up looting the city of Constantinople.

What happened to many of the 30,000 children under the age of eighteen who followed 12-year-old Stephen Cloyes in an attempt to reach the Holy Land?

On their march south to the Mediterranean, many died from cold and starvation. The rest drowned at sea or were sold into slavery.

What was the Reconquista?

The Reconquista was a long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain.

Who were the Spanish monarchs who captured Granada in 1492?

Christian army of Ferdinand and Isabella.

What special church court was set up to suppress heresy in Spain?

The Inquisition

What religious groups did Ferdinand and Isabella expel from Spain in 1492?

In 1492, the monarchs expelled all practicing Jews and Muslims from Spain.

Whose power was weakened by the failure of later crusades?

The failure of later Crusades also lessened the power of the pope.

Whose power increased as the power of the feudal nobility decreased?

The kings.