Truth and Reconciliation

What are residential schools (short answer)?

Residential schools were schools run by the government aimed to “civilize” indigenous children and strip them of their culture and language. 

When were the first and last residential schools opened and closed?
A. 1830 & 1996
B. 1827 & 1992
C. 1851 & 1987
D. 1831 & 1997

D. 1831 and 1997

Describe two cruel rules in residential school and why they were implemented.

Why	Description
This was done to prevent any attachment the children had to their families and language, in hopes that they would forget them and follow European tradition instead	Indigenous children were forbidden from contacting their parents in any form whatsoever and were banned from speaking their native languages
This was done to erase past memories of their cultures and make them look more European. Cutting of hair is a sign of grieving in Indigenous culture, causing confusion for the Indigenous Children and making them assume their families were dead.	Indigenous children were forced to cut their hair short and give up all belongings that they brought to the school.

What did Canadians citizens think of residential schools at the time compared to now?   

In the past, Canadians thought that residential school systems were beneficial to both themselves and the Indigenous, as they thought that they were making them more “civilized”. Now, Canada recognizes its mistakes and pledges to reconcile, apologizing for past actions and integrating Indigenous culture into today’s world. This is done through recognition of ceremonies like Powwows, restoration of Indigenous language, and initiatives like orange shirt day to spread awareness.

What was one major reason the Canadian government supported the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR)?

A. To improve trade relations with the United States

B. To fulfill a promise made to British Columbia upon joining Canada

C. To provide jobs for European immigrants

D. To reduce transportation costs for agricultural goods

B - To fulfill a promise made to British Columbia upon joining Canada

Why were Chinese labourers hired to work on the CPR?

A. They had prior experience building railroads in Canada

B. They were the only group willing to work for free

C. A shortage of white labourers forced contractors to hire them

D. The government mandated their employment

C - A shortage of white labourers forced contractors to hire them

Which of the following statements best describes the working conditions for Chinese labourers on the CPR?

A. They received equal pay and benefits as white workers

B. They were given safer tasks and free supplies

C. They were paid more than white workers due to their experience

D. They were assigned dangerous tasks, paid less, and had to buy their own supplies

D - They were assigned dangerous tasks, paid less, and had to buy their own supplies

What new territory/province was made as a direct result of the red river resistance?

Manitoba

The proposed sale of what land led to the red river resistance?

Rupert’s Land

Why did the metis create a temporary government (red river resistance)?

They made a government in order to negotiate on equal footing to joining the confederation. They also needed it so that during the sale of Rupert’s Land the Metis would not get scammed or cheated.

Who led the red river resistance?

A. Louis Riel

B. Thomas the tank engine

C. John bruce

D. Tim drake

A - Louis Riel

Briefly explain each impact of the Numbered Treaties -
Loss of Land and Resources:

Economic and Social Disparities:

Cultural Disruption and Assimilation Policies:

Recent Legal and Political Struggles:

Demands for Recognition and Reconciliation:

Loss of Land and Resources:

Land they had possessed for thousands of years was surrendered to the Canadian government in exchange for guarantees of support and recompense. 

Economic and Social Disparities:

Few Indigenous groups were successful in making the change to agriculture due to poor soil, lack of support, or insufficient resources. 

Cultural Disruption and Assimilation Policies

Aboriginal children were sent to residential schools, and lost their language, culture, identity therefore developing a generation gap between the old and younger people.

Recent Legal and Political Struggles:

Indigenous peoples continue to struggle against the government on issues such as treaty rights, including land claims, compensation, and natural resource extraction. 

Demands for Recognition and Reconciliation 

In 2008, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) called for more recognition of Indigenous rights and reconciliation.

How did the Indigenous people view the numbered treaties?     

A. As sacred agreements meant to establish peace and shared care for the land

B. As an agreement that promised additional resources

C. As a mutual agreement that would ensure more rights for the Indigenous peoples

D. As a promise of increased friendship between all the communities

A - As sacred agreements meant to establish peace and shared care for the land

How many numbered treaties were there?
A. 10
B. 13
C. 11
D. 67

C - 11

Which of these options states many of the impacts this event had on the Indigenous peoples?

A. Loss of Land and Resources, Economic and Social Disparities, Cultural Disruption and Assimilation Policies, Recent Legal and Political Struggles, Demands for Recognition and Reconciliation

B. More Land and Resources, Acknowledgement of their Culture, Less Political Struggles, More Recognition and Reconciliation

C. Lost land but gained resources, Equally Distributed Resources, Cultural Disruption and Assimilation Policies, More Recognition and Reconciliation

D. There wasn’t any impact on the Indigenous peoples

A - Loss of Land and Resources, Economic and Social Disparities, Cultural Disruption and Assimilation Policies, Recent Legal and Political Struggles, Demands for Recognition and Reconciliation

Name and describe four of the numbered treaties

Treaty 1 - 1871 - Signed at Lower Fort Garry, covering southern Manitoba. Promised reserves, farming tools, and annual payments

Treaty 2 - 1871 - Covered southwestern Manitoba. Similar to Treaty 1, with added provisions for education

Treaty 3 - 1873 - Signed at Northwest Angle, covering parts of Ontario and Manitoba. Included hunting and fishing rights

Treaty 4 - 1874 - Covered southern Saskatchewan and parts of Alberta and Manitoba. Promised schools and farming assistance 

What two villages did the Inuit create?

Ausuittuq and Qausuittuq

What year did the high arctic relocation take place?
A. 1943
B. 1950
C. 1960
D. 1947

B. 1950

In 1990, what did the Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee do (high arctic relocation)?

The Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs told the government to apologise to the Inuit

List & Describe three things that were promised to the Inuit by the Government (high arctic relocation)

The Inuit were promised better living conditions, and hunting opportunities which was all a lie because they suffered from lack of resources up north

They were also promised that they could return to their original homeland after 2 years which also never happened and the government just dismissed it

Bountiful opportunities and better lifestyles in a new land with a fresh start

How far were they moved and in what direction (high arctic relocation)

2000 km north

What was the main cause of the beaver wars?
A. Disputed territory between France and England

B.Gaining dominance over the fur trade

C. Needing to convert all of the Indigenous peoples

D. To express power over other countries

B - Gaining dominance over the fur trade

Who sold guns to the Iroquois in exchange for beaver pelts (beaver wars)?
A. The English

B. The Dutch
C. The Spanish
D. The French

B - the Dutch

Fill in the blanks (Beaver wars):             
North American Indigenous groups observed that European goods like __________ , _______________ and _________ became available only when they controlled trading routes. 

firearms; metal tools; alcohol

What year did the first Iroquois attack happen (Beaver wars)?
A. 1650
B. 1666
C. 1640
D. 1648

D - 1648

Fill in the blanks (mohawk resistance): The Kanestake Resistance was a                             between protesters from the            , the Quebec police, the                                              (RCMP), and the                                    , or the CAF.

78 day protest; Mohawk; Royal Canadian Mounted Police; the Canadian Armed Forces

What is the start date of the Mohawk Resistance

A. July 9, 1980
B. July 11, 1990
C. June 9, 1990
D. June 11, 1980

B - July 11, 1990

Why did the Mayor of the Town of Oka call the provincial police (Mohawk resistance)?

A. Two Injunctions were followed

B. There was too much backlash

C. Two injunctions were ignored

D. The people didn’t like the golf course that was previously built and they rioted.

C - two injunctions were ignored

In June, what did the Kanawàke and the Akwesasne do (mohawk resistance)?

They joined and helped set up a protest camp

What motivated the end of the crisis (mohawk resistance)?

The Oka Crisis ‘ended’ due to military force and a negotiated settlement that cancelled the golf course expansion and resulted in the land being purchased by the federal government. The resistance also led to a stalemate, with the land not being transferred to the Mohawk people, leading to a prolonged, unresolved land claim and ongoing issues.

What were the three main effects of the royal proclamation?

a) Assimilation of the French - the British attempted to Anglicize the French-Canadians

b) Organization of the governing of Britain’s territory

c) Reserving a chunk of land to the west of the Appalachian Mountains for the Indigenous peoples

What was the royal proclamation created for

The Royal Proclamation was composed to organize the British territories in North America.

Why is the royal proclamation sometimes called the indian magna carta

The Royal Proclamation is sometimes referred to as the Indian Magna Carta due to it being the first instance of recognition, rights, and land ownership for the Indigenous.

How did the royal proclamation change the political situation at the time?

The Royal Proclamation changed the political situation as it gave ownership of the land to the British. This meant that British laws and rights were enforced, replacing the originally implemented French ones, and therefore giving the Indigenous peoples’ land to the west of the Appalachian mountains.

Define the sixties scoop - what happened?

The Sixties scoop was the mass removal of Indigenous children, occurring from the 1950s to 1980s. These children were adopted into non-Indigenous families in Canada, U.S., Europe, Australia. The goal was assimilation and cultural genocide disguised as the protection of children.

Analyze the perspective of the Sixties Scoop from the Indigenous Community

The Sixties Scoop caused depression, racism, generational trauma, and the loss of culture and identity. The Scoop was seen as cultural genocide, giving survivors of the scoop lifelong trauma and difficulty reconnecting with families later

Name 2 of the reasons for the british government taking indigenous children (sixties scoop)

Possible Answers:

Adoption into white homes was viewed as cheaper than foster care.

Poverty, poor housing, etc. was viewed as neglect.

Wanted to remove the Indigenous culture from the children.

Provinces gained authority over child welfare on reserves

Name another example of indigenous children being removed from their families outside of canada.

Possible Answers:

Australia: Aboriginal Children

U.S: Indian Adoption Project

New Zealand: Māori Children.