BIOL 2404 NTCC FINAL EXAM

1st-degree burn

Redness, pain, no blisters; epidermis only.

2nd-degree burn

Blisters, severe pain, epidermis + part of dermis.

3rd-degree burn

Full thickness; destroys epidermis, dermis, sometimes hypodermis; no pain initially due to nerve damage.

Anatomy

Study of body structure.

Physiology

Study of body function.

Aging in Women: Estrogen

Decreased estrogen.

Aging in Women: Bone

Loss of bone density.

Aging in Women: Skin

Thinning skin.

Aging in Women: Muscle

Reduced muscle mass.

Aging in Women: Menopause

Menopause onset.

Aging in Women: Cardiovascular

Increased cardiovascular risk.

Kidney Function (Excretory)

Filter blood, remove nitrogenous wastes, regulate electrolytes, water balance.

Liver Function (Excretory)

Detoxifies chemicals, metabolizes drugs, produces urea.

Excretory System Function

Remove metabolic wastes and maintain fluid/electrolyte balance.

Oogenesis vs. Spermatogenesis Similarities

Both involve meiosis, production of haploid gametes, and hormonal regulation (FSH & LH).

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from low solute to high solute.

Bones in Adult Spinal Column

26 bones (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum, coccyx).

Chromosomes in Primary Oocytes

46 chromosomes (diploid).

Hyperventilation Cause

Respiratory alkalosis.

Corpus Albicans

Scar tissue left after corpus luteum degenerates.

Lymph Resembles

Interstitial (tissue) fluid.

Sperm Duct

Ductus (vas) deferens.

Characteristics of Menopause

Cessation of menstruation, decline in estrogen/progesterone, hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and mood changes.

Ovaries Systems

Endocrine system and reproductive system.

Canal Testis Descends Through

Inguinal canal.

Two Major Divisions of Skeleton

Axial and appendicular.

Two Divisions of Nervous System

Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Ligament Attached to Lateral Edge of Ovary

Suspensory ligament.

Filtration & Blood Pressure

Increased filtration lowers blood volume, which lowers blood pressure.

Pregnancy Detection Hormone

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin).

Fixator

Muscle that stabilizes a joint.

Prime Mover

Muscle that provides main movement force.

Serum

Plasma without clotting factors.

Surfactant

Substance reducing alveolar surface tension.

Gland

Organ that secretes substances.

Keratin

Tough protein in skin, hair, nails.

Pericardium

Sac surrounding the heart.

Largest Organ

Skin.

Outer Fibrous Capsule of Ovary

Tunica albuginea.

Acrosome Purpose

Contains enzymes to penetrate egg.

Midpiece Purpose

Contains mitochondria for ATP.

Trigger Zone of Axon

Axon hillock.

Crossing Over

Chromatids exchange parts.

Independent Assortment

Random alignment in meiosis.

FSH in Sperm Production

Stimulates spermatogenesis.

LH in Sperm Production

Stimulates testosterone production.

Structure Anchoring Kidney

Renal fascia.

Fimbriae

Structure that coaxes egg into uterine tube.

Uvula

Structure directing food to pharynx.

Functional Unit of Kidney

Nephron.

Structure Storing Mature Sperm

Epididymis.

Excretion Definition

Removal of metabolic wastes.

Bulbourethral Gland Function

Lubrication, neutralizes acidity.

Seminal Vesicle Function

Produces fructose-rich seminal fluid.

Accessory Gland Surrounding Urethra

Prostate gland.

Heart Chambers Pumping Blood

Ventricles.

Heart Chambers Receiving Blood

Atria.

Diagnostic Test to See Baby

Ultrasound.

Thoracic Duct

Duct draining lymph from most of body.

Thyroid Gland (Calcitonin)

Endocrine gland secreting calcitonin.

Uterus

Female organ baby grows in.

HPV Vaccine Protection

Protects against cervical cancer.

Thyroid Gland (Shape)

Bow-tie gland near trachea.

Hormone Targeting Follicle

FSH (produces estrogen).

Endometrium

Uterine layer with two sublayers.

Myometrium

Uterine smooth muscle layer.

Urea

Nitrogenous waste from amino acids.

Ejaculatory Duct

Carries sperm from ductus deferens.

Atomic Number Identifies

Number of protons.

Air Flow Sequence

Nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli.

Formed Element

Blood cell (RBC, WBC, platelet).

Primary Female Reproductive Structure

Ovary.

Hymen

Membrane partially covering vaginal opening.

Vulva

External female genitalia.

Secondary Male Structures

Scrotum, penis, ducts, glands.

Male Accessory Glands

Seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands.

Cremaster Muscle Function

Raises/lowers testes for temperature regulation.

Levels of Organization

Chemical → cellular → tissue → organ → organ system → organism.

Ejaculatory Duct Formation

Seminal vesicle + ductus deferens.

XY Chromosomes

Male.

XX Chromosomes

Female.

23rd Chromosome Represents

Sex chromosome pair.

Renal Tubule Flow

Bowman's capsule → PCT → nephron loop → DCT → collecting duct.

Sperm Duct Sequence

Testes → epididymis → vas deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra.

How Skin Protects

Barrier, waterproofing, UV protection, immune defense, temperature regulation.

Upper Respiratory Structures

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx.

Pancreas

Organ in endocrine & digestive systems.

Chromosomes Determining Sex

X and Y.

Part of Female Cycle Affecting Endometrium

Luteal phase (progesterone).

Part Removed During Circumcision

Prepuce (foreskin).

Part of Sperm Containing Acrosome

Head.

Parotid Glands

Salivary glands anterior to ears.

Dartos Muscle Characteristics

Smooth muscle, wrinkles scrotal skin, helps regulate temperature.

Location of Kidneys

Retroperitoneal, T12-L3.

Kidneys Maintain Homeostasis

Regulate electrolytes, control water balance, maintain pH, remove wastes, regulate blood pressure.

Lactiferous Ducts

Structure draining milk.

Hard Palate

Roof of oral cavity.

Graafian Follicle

Follicle that ruptures during ovulation.

Corpus Luteum

Follicle supporting pregnancy.

Most Common Skin Cancer

Basal cell carcinoma.