AnP ch 1 objectives

Define anatomy?

the study of the body’s structures

Define physiology?

The study of the functions of body structures

List and define the functional organization of the human body? (small to large)

• chemical: atoms/molecules

• organelle: specific structure in a cell

• cell: smallest unit of life

• tissue: group of cells performing same function

• organ: 2 or more tissues

• organ system: group of organs

• complete organism: individual member of a species

List the major organ systems of the body?

• integumentary

• muscular

• skeletal

• nervous

• endocrine

• urinary

• reproductive

• lymphatic

• digestive

• respiratory

• cardiovascular

Major functions and structures of integumentary system?

• regulates temp, prevents water loss, protection

• skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

Major functions and structures of skeletal system?

• provides support/protection, allows for body movement through joints

• bones, joints, associated cartilages

Major functions and structures of muscular system?

• produces body movements, maintains posture, body heat

• muscles

Major functions and structures of nervous system?

• detects sensation, controls movement, intellectual function

• brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

Major functions and structures of endocrine system?

• influences metabolism, growth, and reproduction

• consists of glands that secrete hormones (pituitary, endocrine, pineal)

Functions and structures of cardiovascular system?

• transports nutrients/waste/hormones, plays a role in immunity through lymphocytes, regulates body temp

• consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood

Functions and structures of lymphatic system?

• made up of lymph nodes and vessels, spleen, thymus

• works for removing foreign substances from the body, fighting against disease, and also maintaining tissue fluid balance

Major functions of the digestive system?

Tasks are to mechanically and then chemically digest food, absorb nutrients and water, as well as eliminate waste as feces

Structures of digestive system?

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Structures in respiratory system?

Lungs, trachea, alveoli

Functions of the respiratory system?

Regulates diffusion between oxygen vs carbon dioxide in the air and our blood, as well as regulating blood pH through respirations

Structures in urinary system?

kidneys, bladder, ureters, associated ducts

Functions of the urinary system?

Removes waste products from the body as urine & regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance (hydration)

Structures in reproductive systems?

• females: uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, mammary glands

• males: testes, vas deferens, epididymis, penis

Functions of reproductive systems?

• females: to produce oocytes (immature eggs), site of fertilization and fetal development, produce hormones

• males: produce sperm cells and hormones

What is homeostasis?

the maintenance of a consistent environment or balance within the body. functions to regulate a variable

List and define the 3 major components of the homeostatic control mechanism?

1. Receptor: monitors a variable and responds to stimuli

2. Control center: determines setpoint of a variable

3. Effector: control center’s response to stimulus (muscles or glands)

Define negative feedback?

Reverses a change in a controlled environment by counteracting something

Role of negative feedback and relationship to homeostasis?

Its role is to either increase or decrease a variable to make sure it re-enters the setpoint for the value (ex. glucose and insulin)

Define positive feedback?

Enhances a stimulus by continuing to push a variable in a certain direction, amplifying a response (until acted upon)

How can positive feedback be harmful?

In the case of getting a cut on the skin, the body releases platelets to stop the bleeding. If too many are released, a blood clot can readily occur.

Superior v inferior?

On top v below

Cephalic v caudal?

Toward head v toward tail

Anterior v posterior?

Towards front of body v towards back

Ventral v dorsal? *in humans

Ventral is anterior, dorsal is posterior

Ventral v dorsal in animals?

Ventral is posterior, dorsal is anterior

Proximal v distal?

Closer to a point of attachment v farther away

(used in terms of limbs)

Medial v lateral?

Towards midline of the body v towards the side

Superficial v deep?

Closer to the skin v closer to the bone

Prone v supine?

Prone when the anterior surface is down, supine when the anterior surface is up

What is the midsagittal plane?

This plane vertically divides the body into 2 right and left sides

What is the parasagittal plane?

This plane vertically divides the body, but in unequal portions of left and right. Considered to be “off-centered”

What is the transverse body plane?

Horizontally divides the body into top and bottom sections

List the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants?*

Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant

Right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

*true left and right

List the 9 abdominopelvic regions*

Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac

Right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar

Right iliac/inguinal, hypogastric, left iliac/inguinal

*true left and right