HLTH 146 Exam 1

adventitious

Coming from an external source

Afebrile

without fever

Comorbid

refers to the presence of two or more unrelated disease conditions at the same time in the same person

Mortality

Death from a particular disease in a certain population

differential diagnosis

Identification of several pathologies that might have similar clinical presentations

Etiology

Mechanism of disease

Pathology

Study of biological causes, effects, and processes of disease

erythema

redness of the skin due to capillary dilation

purulent

pus-filled

suppurative

producing or associated with the generation of pus

AC

before meals

bid

twice a day

qid

four times a day

Q

Every day

c (with line above)

with

tid

three times a day

NSAID

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

IM

intramuscular

G

Gram

Inj

injection

IV

intravenous

S/P

status post

SQ

subcutaneous

PO

by mouth

NPO

nothing by mouth

prn

as needed

OLDCARTS

A mnemonic for pain assessment (O: Onset, L: Location, D: Duration, C: Character, A: aggravating/relieving. R: radiation, T: timing, S: severity)

normal resting heart rate

60-72 beats/min

body temperature

96.4-99.1

X-rays

Identifies fractures and bone abnormalities

radionuclide bone scan

Inject short-lived radionuclide to assess bone abnormalities, areas of inflammation are dark

fluoroscopy

Live image of bones

CT scan (computed tomography)

Looks at internal organs, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

Does not use radiation, provides info on organs, soft tissue, bones

diagnostic ultrasound

high-frequency sound waves that penetrate the body to produce images of internal structures in real time

laparoscopy

Incision made in abdomen to insert a scope to view inside of abdomen

colonoscopy

Screens for colon cancer and polyps

Electromyography (EMG)

the insertion of needles into selected skeletal muscles for the purpose of recording nerve conduction time in relation to muscle contraction

complete blood count (CBC)

Provides information about ratios of cells per volume of blood

Bradycardia

less than 60 bpm

Tachycardia

greater than 100 bpm

Cheyne-Stokes breathing

a distinct pattern of breathing characterized by quickening and deepening respirations followed by a period of apnea

nerve conduction study

procedure to measure the speed at which an electrical impulse travels along a nerve

Electrocardiography

Identifies heart attack, pericarditis and valvular disorders

Sonogram

Look at structure, reflected echoes from images

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

Registers health practitioners who prescribe or dispense controlled substances

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

a federal agency responsible for regulating food and drug products sold to the public

Pharmacokinetics

Study of how body acts on drug

Absorption

Process of getting drug into body

hydrophilic compounds

Water soluble

Lipophilic compounds

Fat soluble

Pharmacodynamics

Study of how drugs act on body

Agonists

Exert effect by attaching to cellular receptors in body, causing stimulation of the receptors

Antagonists

Bind to receptors, block other chemicals or agonists from binding to it

first pass effect

Mouth - liver- vein - heart - lung - heart- arteries

Ventilation

movement of air in and out of the lungs

Oxygenation

Exchange of gases in alveolar capillary beds

upper respiratory tract

nose,sinuses, pharynx, larynx

lower respiratory tract

trachea, bronchi, lungs

Bronchi

The passages that direct air into the lungs, right lung is divided into 3 lobes, left is only 2

barrel chest

emphysema or asthma

tactile fremitus

Vibration of chest during speaking

bronchial sounds

Air moves through large airways, loud expiratory

vesicular sounds

Air passing through smaller airways, low pitched inspiratory

bronchiovesicular sounds

normal breath sounds that are blowing sounds with medium pitch and medium intensity. inspiratory phase is equal to expiratory phase.

Crackle

Bronchitis or pneumonia

Wheeze

Asthma or bronchitis

pleural rub

Pleuritis or pleurisy

Diminished or Absent sound

Pneumothorax or hemothorax

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

Non reversible airway obstruction

Emphysema

Destruction of alveoli & pulmonary capillary bed

chronic brochitis

Excessive mucus production w/ upper airway obstruction

pneumonia

inflammation of the lungs - viral or bacterial

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A genetic disorder causing abnormally

hypertrophied but nondilated left ventricle in the absence of physiological conditions

HCM S&S

Fatigue, dyspnea. Exertional angina, syncope or near syncope

HCM what to do

refer for immediate cardiac workup

Marfan Syndrome

Genetic, causes Aortic dissection and rupture along with severe aortic regurgitation

Marfan Syndrome s&s

Tall stature with long, slim limbs, Pectus deformities

myocarditis

An inflammatory acute or chronic disease of the cardiac myocytes, often

resulting from a viral infection

Myocarditis s&s

Feels like a viral illness

syncope

Fainting, usually vasovagal but can be HCM. Refer immediately to

Congenital Aortic Stenosis

Bicuspid valve malformation, causes inflammation of myocardium

Congenital Aortic Stenosis S&S

Hypotension and exertional syncope

mitral valve prolapse

Usually benign abnormality

mitral valve prolapse s&s

Mostly asymptomatic other than near syncope

Arrhythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm

Arrhythmia S&S

Palpations and syncope

Hypertension

High blood pressure

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A blood clot in a deep vein

DVT s/s

Limb pain and swelling

DVT treatment

Immediate referral for ultrasound and anticoagulants

Pulmonary Embolus

Blood clot lodged in pulmonary vessel

Pulmonary Embolus S&S

Dyspnea, chest pain, sense of impending doom

hemolysis

destruction of red blood cells

AV Valves

tricuspid and mitral

semilunar valves

pulmonary and aortic

Arteries

carry blood away from the heart, high pressure

Veins

carry blood back to the heart, low pressure

sinoatrial (SA) node

Pacemaker, generates electrical impulses

AV node

Only pathway for electrical impulse