Psychology in Everyday life Chapter 6 (copy)

learning

a relatively permanent change in behavior

classical conditioning

teaching a reflex by pairing with something that already causes that reflex

Ivan Pavlov

key researcher on classical conditioning; studied salvation in dogs

Unconditioned response (UR)

a naturally occurring reflex(for example, a sour face from a lemon)

conditioned response (CR)

a learned response or reflex(Example a sour face from the word conditioning

Unconditioned stimulus(US)

something that naturally causes a reflex(for example, lemon flavor)

conditioned stimulus(CS)

something that comes to cause a reflex after pairing (for example, the word conditioning)

acquisition

the process of learning a reflex through pairing

extinction

the disappearance of a response after the pairing stops

spontaneous recovery

the sudden reappearance of an extinct response

generalization

the tendency to respond to a similar stimuli

Discrimination

the ability to distinguish between two stimuli

operant conditioning

the process of encouraging a behavior with a reinforcer and discouraging it with a punisher

B.F. Skinner

key researcher on operant conditioning

operant chamber (skinner box)

an environmentally controlled cage used in operant conditioning research

reinforcement

always encourages a behavior regardless of whether a behavior is morally good or bad

shaping

reinforcing through a series of steps until the final behavior is reached

positive reinforcement

giving something pleasant to encourage a behavior

negative reinforcement

taking away something unpleasant to encourage a behavior(for example no more tests if everyone does well)

positive punishment

giving something unpleasant to discourage a behavior

negative punishment

taking away something to discourage behavior

primary enforcer

something you enjoy right away

conditioned reinforcer

something you can store up to use later for a primary reinforcer

continuous reinforcement

reinforcing a desired response every time it happens

partial reinforcement

reinforcing a response only a part of the time

fixed-ratio schedule

reinforcing a response after a random number of responses

variable-ratio schedule

reinforcing a response after a random number of responses

fixed-interval schedule

reinforcing a response after a scheduled amount of time has passed

variable-interval schedule

reinforcing a response after a random amount of time has passed

behaviorism

a branch of science that studies behavior objectively and without regard to mental processes

latent learning

learning that you store to use later

intrinsic motivation

an internal desire to do something

extrinsic motivation

a desire to do something to get an external award or to avoid punishment

observational learning

learning by watching others

modeling

intimidating others by watching them

mirror neurons

neurons that fire not only when we do something but when we watch someone else do it