biology exam

What is biology?

The scientific study of life, including what is already known and what scientists are currently investigating.

What is the purpose of additional scientific work?

To find, improve, or expand our understanding of the natural world.

What is Principle of Life #1?

Living organisms share common aspects of structure, function, and energy flow.

What is an example of Principle of Life #1?

All living things use DNA for genetic information and share many basic cellular and chemical processes.

What is Principle of Life #2?

Life depends on organization and energy.

What does organization mean in Principle of Life #2?

Life is made of one or more cells with structures arranged in organized patterns.

What does energy mean in Principle of Life #2?

Living things obtain energy from their environment and use it to build, maintain, and operate themselves.

What is Principle of Life #3?

Genetic systems control the flow, exchange, storage, and use of information.

What is an example of Principle of Life #3?

Information in DNA can be copied into RNA, and genetic information can be passed to new cells or offspring.

What is Principle of Life #4?

Evolution explains the diversity and unity of life.

What creates genetic variation?

Mutations and sexual reproduction.

What does diversity mean in biology?

The variation among biological species and communities.

What does unity mean in biology?

The similarities among living things, especially at the molecular and cellular levels.

What makes virions life like

contain proteins, some have a membrane envelope, use the same basic types of biomolecules as cell, genetic info can change and evolve

What makes virions not life

like?

What is a virion?

A complete virus particle outside a host cell.

What is a virocell?

A virus

What is a model in biology?

A representation of reality used to understand, visualize, study, or communicate biological concepts.

What types of biological models can be used?

Physical, mathematical, and electronic models.

What are examples of biological models?

Cell drawings, molecular models, protein models, 3D cell membrane models, chromosome diagrams, and biochemical pathway diagrams.

What is a model organism?

An organism scientists use to study biological processes.

Why are model organisms useful?

They are often easy and inexpensive to study, reproduce quickly, allow variables to be controlled, and allow experiments to be repeated.

What are examples of model organisms?

E. coli, yeast, fruit flies, mice, C. elegans, C

What advantages do scientific names have over common names?

Scientific names are standardized worldwide and give each species a specific name, while common names can vary by location or refer to multiple species.

What are the two parts of a scientific species name?

Genus and specific epithet.

How is a scientific species name written?

The genus is capitalized, the specific epithet is lowercase, and both are italicized when typed or underlined when handwritten.

What is an example of a scientific species name?

Mus musculus, the house mouse.

How can Escherichia coli be shortened after its full name has been given?

E. coli.

What are the three domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Which domains contain prokaryotic organisms?

Bacteria and Archaea.

Which domain contains animals, plants, fungi, and protists?

Eukarya.

What four structures or materials are found in ALL cells?

Plasma membrane, cytosol, ribosomes, and DNA.

What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have internal membrane

What are the major features of a prokaryotic cell?

It has DNA, ribosomes, cytosol, and a plasma membrane but lacks a nucleus and internal membrane

Where is DNA located in a prokaryotic cell?

In the nucleoid region.

What are the major features of a eukaryotic cell?

It has DNA, ribosomes, cytosol, a plasma membrane, internal membrane

Where is most DNA located in a eukaryotic cell?

Inside the nucleus.

Do prokaryotes have a complete eukaryotic

style cytoskeleton?

What are the major features of plant cells?

They are eukaryotic, have cellulose cell walls and large central vacuoles, and photosynthetic plant cells have chloroplasts.

What are the major features of animal cells?

They are eukaryotic, lack cell walls and chloroplasts, and have an extracellular matrix.

What are the major features of fungal cells?

They are eukaryotic, have chitin cell walls, and lack chloroplasts.

What are protist cells like?

They are eukaryotic and highly diverse; depending on the species, they may have chloroplasts, food vacuoles, or contractile vacuoles.

What is a prokaryotic organism?

An organism made of prokaryotic cells; Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes.

What is a eukaryotic organism?

An organism made of eukaryotic cells; animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.

How are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya different?

Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic domains, while Eukarya contains organisms with eukaryotic cells.

How are Archaea different from Bacteria?

Both are prokaryotic, but they differ in features such as membrane chemistry, cellular machinery, DNA sequences, and metabolism.

What is a single

celled or unicellular organism?

What is a filamentous organism?

A multicellular organism with similar cells arranged end

What is a colonial organism?

An organism with multiple similar cells grouped together in an organized arrangement other than simply end

What is a complex multicellular organism?

An organism with many specialized cell types that work together and can form tissues.

What is science?

A logical approach used to understand and predict the natural world using evidence.

What are major characteristics of science?

It is evidence

What is a research question?

The question an investigation is designed to answer.

What is a hypothesis?

A testable explanation for an observation or research question.

What is a prediction?

A specific expected result if a hypothesis is supported.

What is the independent or tested variable?

The variable deliberately changed by the researcher.

What are controlled variables?

Factors kept the same so they do not influence the results.

What is the dependent variable?

The measurement used to determine the possible effect of the independent variable.

What is a control group?

A comparison group that does not receive the tested treatment or condition.

What is a treatment or test group?

A group that receives the tested treatment or condition.

Can an experiment compare multiple treatment groups instead of one control and one treatment group?

Yes; multiple groups can receive different amounts or versions of the tested variable.

What is a null hypothesis?

A hypothesis predicting no relationship, difference, or effect.

What is an alternative hypothesis?

A hypothesis predicting a relationship, difference, or effect.

What does N represent in scientific studies?

Population size.

What does n represent in scientific studies?

Sample size or number of subjects or replicates examined.

What is repeatability?

The same general trend or result occurs when an investigation is repeated.

What is raw data?

The original measurements or observations collected during an investigation.

What is summarized data?

Data organized into forms such as averages, tables, or graphs.

What is statistical analysis?

Mathematical analysis used to examine patterns, relationships, differences, and strength of evidence in data.

What is a scientific conclusion?

An interpretation logically based on the evidence that explains the results and whether they support or fail to support the hypothesis.

Does one experiment permanently prove a hypothesis?

No; evidence can support or fail to support a hypothesis, and conclusions can change with new evidence.

What are examples of future directions after an experiment?

Test new hypotheses, improve controls, increase replicates, explore variables more closely, repeat the experiment, or test the idea another way.

What is re-evalution in science

repeat a test use better controls or modify previous thoughts as new info come along

How can you evaluate whether information is scientific?

Look for measurable evidence, observations, testing, comparisons, controlled variables, reliable data, repeatability, and conclusions supported by evidence.

How can an investigation be made better science?

Increase sample size, improve controls, repeat the experiment, reduce bias, improve measurements, and test alternative explanations.

Who was Robert Hooke?

In 1665, he used an early microscope to observe small chambers in cork and called them cells.

Who was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek?

In the late 1600s and early 1700s, he used microscopes to observe living microscopic organisms.

Who was Matthias Schleiden?

A scientist who studied plants and helped develop early cell theory in 1838.

Who was Theodor Schwann?

A scientist who studied animals and helped develop early cell theory in 1839.

What are the three parts of modern cell theory?

All life is composed of one or more cells; the cell is the smallest fundamental unit of life; and cells come from pre

What are the four main types of microscopy to know?

Compound light microscopy, dissecting/stereo light microscopy, TEM, and SEM.

What does a compound light microscope do?

Uses light passing through a thin specimen to show 2D internal information.

What does a dissecting or stereo microscope do?

Uses reflected light to view larger specimens and provides a 3D view of the surface.

What does TEM stand for and what does it show?

Transmission Electron Microscope; electrons pass through a thin specimen to show detailed 2D internal structures.

What does SEM stand for and what does it show?

Scanning Electron Microscope; electrons scan the specimen's surface to show detailed 3D

What is an internal cell structure?

A structure located inside the plasma membrane, such as a ribosome or mitochondrion.

What is an external cell structure?

A structure outside the plasma membrane, such as a cell wall or extracellular matrix.

What is a biological membrane?

A phospholipid bilayer containing proteins that separates one area from another and regulates movement of substances.

What does membrane

bound mean?

What is an organelle?

A specialized structure within a cell that performs a particular function.

What is an internal membrane

bound compartment?

What is a biomolecular condensate?

A concentrated group of molecules separated from surrounding cellular material without a membrane, such as the nucleolus or nucleoid region.

What is the plasma membrane?

The cell's surrounding phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that separates the cell from its environment and regulates what enters and leaves.

Is plasma membrane another name for cell membrane?

Yes.

What is cytosol?

The watery liquid part of the cell containing dissolved substances and excluding membrane

What is cytoplasm?

Cellular material inside the plasma membrane excluding the nucleus or nucleoid region; it includes cytosol, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, and other internal structures.

What is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol?

Cytosol is only the watery fluid; cytoplasm includes the cytosol plus structures suspended within it, excluding the nucleus or nucleoid region.

What is a ribosome and what does it do?

A non

What does DNA do?

Stores genetic information and biological instructions.

What is the nucleus?

A membrane