ppl oral

What documents must you have with you to fly the airplane? (61.3)

Pilot certificate, medical certificate, and government issued photo ID (logbook for student pilot when acting as PIC)

What are your limitations as a student pilot? (61.89)

No passengers, cannot carry property for hire, cannot fly in furtherance of a business, cannot fly with a surface vis of less than 3sm during the day and 5sm at night and flight must be made with visual references to the surface

What privileges apply to private pilot? (61.113)

Act as a PIC and carry passengers

Conduct SAR, fly for charity, act as a salesman with atleast 200 hours

What limitations apply to private pilot? (91.146)

Cannot fly for hire, must pay atleast pro rata share

Do you need to take your logbook with you? (61.51)

Only as a solo student pilot on a cross country fligh

What type of pilot certificate do you have? Does it expire? (61.19)

Student Pilot license, under 40 is 60 calendar months to expire, over 40 is 24 calendar months. All other licenses have no expiration date.

How do we keep our pilot certificate current? (61.56, 61.57)

Student pilot license needs a valid medical certificate, PPL needs a flight review every 24 calendar months

What are the currency requirements for carrying passengers? (61.57)

3 takeoffs and landings in the preceding 90 days in an aircraft of the same category class and type of reqiored.

Night currency is 3 landings to full stop.

Night definition? When can you perform required night landings? (1.1, 61.57)

Night = time between dusk and dawn

Night landings can be logged 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise

How long is a first and second class medical certificate valid for if the person is under 40? (61.23)

12 calendar months then it downgrades to a third class and expires after 60 calendar months

How long is a third class medical certificate valid for if the person is under 40? (61.23)

60 calendar months

How long is a first class medical certificate valid for if the person is over 40? (61.23)

6 months, then downgrades to a second class, then after 12, third class and then expires after 24 months

How long is a second class medical certificate valid for if the person is over 40? (61.23)

12 calendar months, and then third class for 24 calendar months

How long is a thirdclass medical certificate valid for if the person is over 40? (61.23)

24 calendar months

What documents should be in the aircraft before flight? (91.9, 91.203)

ARROW
Airworthiness, registration, radio operator, owners manual, w/b

Registration

Radio License (required for international flight)

Operating Limitations (found in the POH)

Weight and Balance equipment list

When will an aircraft registration certificate expire? (PHAK 8-6)

7 years

Which weight and balance information must be in the aircraft, the one on the takeoff data card or the one in the airplane flight manual?

Updated weight and balance equipment list in the AFM

With respect to the certification, privileges, and limitations of airmen, what does category mean? (61.5)

Airplane, Rotorcraft, Glider, Lighter-Than-Air etc.

With respect to the certification, privileges, and limitations of airmen, what does class mean? (61.5)

Single Engine Land/Sea, Multi Engine Land/Sea

With respect to the certification, privileges, and limitations of airmen, what does type mean? (61.5)

A320

When is a type rating required? (61.31)

Required for aircraft with a max gross weight equal or greater than 12,500lbs, turbojet, or any aircraft specified by the FAA to require one

If a pilot changes his permanent mailing address, how long can the pilot continue to exercise the privileges of their pilot certificate without notifying the FAA? (61.60)

30 days

Does an Airworthiness Certificate ever expire?

Not as long as inspections are kept up to date and manufacturer's original design is adhered to

Does the POH meet the requirement of having an AFM? (PHAK 8-2)

Yes. The POH for most light aircraft built after 1975 is also the FAA designated AFM

Who says we have to follow the POH? (91.9)

FAR 91.9 states, "…no person may operate a civil aircraft without complying with the operating limitations specified in the approved Airplane or Rotorcraft Flight Manual…"

Who is responsible for ensuring an aircraft is maintained in an airworthy condition? (91.403)

The owner/operator

Discuss AVIATES. Required Inspections

Annual - every 12 calendar months (91.409)

VOR - every 30 days for IFR (91.171)

100 hour if airplane is being operated for hire

Altimeter/Pitot Static - 24 calendar months; required for IFR flight (91.411)

Transponder - 24 calendar months (91.413)

ELT - 12 calendar months or after 1 hour cumulative use or half of battery life (91.207) Service bulletins and ADs complied with

What is an Airworthiness Directive? Is it mandatory? (PHAK 8-12)

FAA issued order to fix a known issue. It is mandatory.

What different kinds of AD's are there?

Emergency - These require immediate compliance before flight

One Time - After the AD is complied with once, there is no further need to address the specified issue

Recurring - This AD must be complied with at the specified interval.

Can you over fly an annual? 100 hour? (91.409)

The only way to overfly an annual is to obtain a special flight permit from the FSDO. A 100 hour inspection may be overflown by no more than 10 hours and only if enroute to the place where the inspection will be done. An annual inspection can be substituted for the 100 hour however, a 100 hour cannot substitute an annual inspection.

When does an ELT battery have to be replaced or recharged? (91.207)

12 Calendar Months, 1 hour of cumulative use, half of battery life

What equipment and instruments do you need to have in the airplane for today's flight? (91.205b)

ATOMATOFLAMES

Altimeter

Tachometer

Oil temperature gauge

Magnetic compass

Airspeed Indicator

Temperature gauge (for liquid cooled engines)

Oil pressure

Fuel quantity gauge

Landing gear position indicator (for retractable landing gear Anti-collision lights

Manifold pressure gauge for constant speed

ELT

Seatbelts

How about if you were to fly tonight? (91.205c)

Fuses 3 of each kind or 1 complete set

Landing light if airplane is being flown for hire (including flight training)

Anti-collision lights

Position lights - Also called navigation lights - red on the left side, green on the right and white on the tail

Source of electricity - Battery or alternator

What would you do if you found that the landing light was inoperative? (91.213)

Can't fly at night, during the day you would deactivate or remove the component and placard it inoperative

Can you fly an airplane with known inoperative equipment?

Yes, if it is not included in 91.205 and it has been deactivated/removed and placarded inoperative

What is a Minimum Equipment List? (PHAK 8-9)

An FAA approved list of equipment that can be inoperative

Do we have an MEL?

No. We adhere to the regulations in 91.205 and 91.213 (d)

Can an aircraft owner change an MEL?

If a change is sought, a letter and a proposed MEL that is based off of the Master MEL must be sent to the FAA for approval

What are the four forces of flight?

Lift Weight Thrust Drag

What are the primary flight controls? (PHAK 5-3)

Elevator, Rudder, Aileron

What's the ailerons axes of rotation and type of stability (PHAK 5-3)

Longitudinal axes of rotation

Lateral stability

What's the elevator axes of rotation and type of stability (PHAK 5-3)

Lateral axes of rotation

Longitudinal stability

What's the rudder axes of rotation and type of stability (PHAK 5-3)

Vertical axis

Directional stability

What are the secondary flight controls? (PHAK 5-8)

Flaps, leading edge devices, spoilers, and trim systems (anti-servo tab)

How is lift created? (PHAK 3-4)

Newton's 3rd law - Equal and opposite reaction upward to the wings downward force

Bernoulli's Principle - High speed over the upper surface creates low pressure and low speed under creates high pressure which produces an upward force

What are the different types of drag?

Parasitic and induced

What is parasitic drag?

Air resistance produced by any part of the aircraft that does not produce lift.

Form drag, friction, and interference drag

Form drag

Caused from the shape of the aircraft and the airflow around it including pertrusions

Skin friction drag

Caused by the roughness of the airplane's surfaces like rivets and dirt

Interference drag

occurs when the airflow around one part of the airplane interacts with the airflow around an adjacent part.

Induced Drag

Byproduct of lift, decreases with speed

Wingtip vortices is also induced and AoA increases induced drag

What is the airspeed where Induced and Parasite drag meet?

Vg - Best glide speed

Describe the various components of an airfoil (PHAK 3-8 Fig. 3-6)

Camber, angle of incidence, center of gravity,

What is camber? Can we change it?

Curvature of the wing - it can be changed by extending/retracting flaps

What is angle of incidence? Can we change it?

The angle between the wing chord line and the fuselage - it cannot be changed

What is center of gravity? What happens when it moves forward/aft? (PHAK 4-38)

CG is the point where the aircraft is balanced or the place where the entire weight is concentrated

Pros and cons of a Forward CG

Lower cruise, higher stall speed. More stable, favorable stall recovery, difficulty in rotating and rounding out during landing. Also difficulty in steering can result.

Pros and cons of a Aft CG

Higher cruise, lower stall speed, less stable, adverse stall recovery, makes control surfaces on the tail less effective