CH 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization

the four basic tissue types found in the human body are

-epithelial

-connective

-muscle

-neural

Through the process of diferentiation

each cell specializes to perform a relatively restricted range of functions

collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform a limited range of functions are called

tissues

epithelial tissue is composed of layers of cells that

cover internal or external surfaces

the primary function of epithelial tissue is

-provide physical protection

-control permeability

-provide sensation

-make specialized secretions

this type of cell junction prevents the passage of water and solutes between cells

tight junction

this type of cell junction connects adjacent cells together so they can endure mechanical stresses (like stretching and Bending)

desmosome

this type of cell junction permits the free diffusion of ions and small molecules between cells

gap junction

The network of protein fibers that allows epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue is called the ________ membrane

basement

The ______ surface of epithelial cells is exposed to a particular environment (for example, the interior of the small intestine) and interacts with the environment in specific ways (ex. absorption or secretion)

apical

continuous division of specialized ______ cells, found in the deepest layers of the epithelium, allows the epithelium to renew itself

stem

the two types of layering used to classify epithelia are

simple and stratified

the three recognizable cell shapes used to classify epithelia are

-squamous

-cuboidal

-columnar

some simple cuboidal epithelial cells are specialized to

-secrete enzymes

-buffers in the pancreas

-salivary glands

in the ureters and urinary bladder, where large changes in volume occur, the primary epithelial type is

transitional

stratified squamous epithelium is found where

mechanical stresses are severe, such as the lining of the mouth

this type of secretion is described as a watery solution containing enzymes

serous

which of the following is not a term used to describe a mechanism of secretion

serous

the type of epithelial cell found in protected regions where absorption takes place or a slippery surface reduces friction is _______

simple squamous

the type of epithelium that typically possesses cilia and lines the nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi is ______

Pseudo-stratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar

function: protection; secretion-trachea

simple squamous

function: when lubricated, helps reduce friction

transitional epithilium

function: permits expantion and recoil

stratified cuboidal

function: ducts of sweat glads-secretion

simple cuboidal

function: limited protection; secretion glands

simple columnar

function: secretion; absorption

stratified squamous

function: physical protection against abration

the three basic components of all connective tissues are

-specialized cells

-extracellular protein fibers

-ground substances

the three classes of connective tissue based on structure and function are

-fluid

-supporting

-connective tissue proper

the major cell types found in connective tissue proper are

-fibroblasts

-macrophages

-fat cells

-mast cells

the primary function of connective tissue include

-support

-protection

-defense

-transportation of materials

-storage of energy reserves

the major purposes of adipose tissue include

-padding

-energy storage

-insulation

the three major subdivisions of the extracellular fluid in the body are

-plasma

-interstitial fluid

-lymph

the two types of supporting connective tissue found in the body are

cartilage and bone

the three major types of cartilage found in the body are

-Hyaline

-Elastic

-Fibrocartilage

the pads that lie between the vertebrae in the vertebral column contain

fibrocartilage

difference between bone and cartilage

-bone is highly vascular but cartilage is not

-bone repairs easily but cartilage does not

-oxygen demand is high in bone but low in cartilage

of the four primary types, the tissue that stores energy in bulk quantities is ______

Connective Tissue

the most common fibers in the connective tissue proper are _____

Collagen

the least specialized connective tissue in the adult body is_____

Areolar

__________ fibers form branching, interwoven framework

Reticular

adipose tissue

fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage

bone tissue

areolar tissue

dense regular connective tissue

elastic cartilage

the type of membranes lining cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body are

Mucous Membranes

the reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of

Serous Membranes

the pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium are examples of

serous membrane

some mucous membranes are lined by simple epithelia that perform the functions of

absorption and secretion

which of the following membranes consist of epithelial tissue and loose connective tissue?

-Mucous

-Serous

-Cutaneous

-Synovial

the areolar tissue of a mucous membrane is called the __________

Lamina Propria

the membranes associated with freely movable joints are ____________

Synovial

the _____________ membrane is thick, relatively waterproof, and usually dry.

cutaneous

serous

mucous

cutaneous

synovial

the three types of muscle tissue found in the body are

-cardiac

-smooth

-skeletal

skeletal muscle fibers are very unusual because they may be

-a foot or more in length

-each cell contains hundreds of nuclei.

smooth muscle tissue is most likely found in the

walls of hollow internal organs.

cardiac muscle is different from skeletal muscle in that

-under involuntary control

-has intercalated discs.

smooth muscle is like cardiac muscle in that

-have a single nucleous

-under the involuntary control

a unique feature of muscle tissue is that is capable of _______

Contraction

striated, voluntary, and multinucleate describe the structural and functional characteristics of ___________ muscle

Skeleton muscle

cardiac muscle tissue

smooth muscle tissue

skeletal muscle tissue

neural tissue is specialized to

conduct electrical impulses throughout the body

structurally, neurons are unique because they are the only cells in the body that have

Axons and Dendrites

cells of the nervous system that function to protect, provide nourishment to, and support the neural tissue

Neuroglia

the unidirectional pathway for an impulse to travel through a neuron is

Dendrite-soma(cell body)-axon

Part of a neuron

*Neural Tissue*

the restoration of homeostasis after the injury involves two related processes, which are

-inflammation

-regeneration

redness, warmth, and swelling are the results of increased local blood flow in response to

the release of histamine by mast cells at an injury site

inflammation is the first evidence of

the tissue repair process

during ______, fibroblasts produce a dense network of collagen fibers and damaged tissues are replaced to restore normal function

regeneration

tissue changes with age include

-thinner epithelial tissue

-more brittle connective tissue

-impaired cardiac or neural function from cumulative minor damage.

exocrine secretions

enzymes, milk and prespiration

endocrine secretions

hormones

CAM'S

adhesion molecules in cell junctions

desmosone

durable epithelial cell connection

stem cells

specialized germinative cells

mucin

merocrine secretions

sebaceous glands

holocrine secretions

pericardium

cover the heart

pleura

covers the lung

fibrosis

scar tissue permanently replaces normal tissues

tendons

connect muscle to bone

ligament

connects bone to bone

the portion of a neuron that contains the organells

Soma (Cell Body)

describes discs found between cardiac cells

intercalated

tissue that has the ability to contract

muscle

type of tissue that contains impulses

nervous

an elongated cell that can conduct impulses

neuron

cells that appear to be flat and that line some organs

squamous

connective tissue type that forms a layer separating skin from deeper structures

areolar

a tissue that has a liquid matrix

blood