Intermolecular Forces, Polyatomic Ions, and Solubility Guidelines

Ion-dipole Force

An intermolecular force with an energy range of $40-600\,kJ\,mol^{-1}$, exemplified by interaction between $Na^+$ and $H_2O$.

H Bond (Hydrogen Bond)

An intermolecular force with an energy range of $10-40\,kJ\,mol^{-1}$, exemplified by interaction between $O-H$ groups.

Dipole-dipole Force

An intermolecular force with an energy range of $5-25\,kJ\,mol^{-1}$, exemplified by interaction between $I-Cl$ molecules.

Ion-induced Dipole Force

An intermolecular force with an energy range of $3-15\,kJ\,mol^{-1}$, exemplified by interaction between $Fe^{2+}$ and $O_2$.

Dipole-induced Dipole Force

An intermolecular force with an energy range of $2-10\,kJ\,mol^{-1}$, exemplified by interaction between $H-Cl$ and $Cl-Cl$.

Dispersion (London) Force

An intermolecular force with an energy range of $0.05-40\,kJ\,mol^{-1}$, exemplified by interaction between $F-F$ molecules.

$$NH_4^+$$

Polyatomic ion named ammonium with a charge of $+1$.

$$H_3O^+$$

Polyatomic ion named hydronium with a charge of $+1$.

$$Hg_2^{2+}$$

Polyatomic ion named Mercury I with an overall charge of $+2$.

$$H_2PO_4^-$$

Polyatomic ion named dihydrogen phosphate with a charge of $-1$.

$$HCO_3^-$$

Polyatomic ion named hydrogen carbonate with a charge of $-1$.

$$HSO_3^-$$

Polyatomic ion named hydrogen sulfite with a charge of $-1$.

$$HSO_4^-$$

Polyatomic ion named hydrogen sulfate with a charge of $-1$.

$$NO_2^-$$

Polyatomic ion named nitrite with a charge of $-1$.

$$NO_3^-$$

Polyatomic ion named nitrate with a charge of $-1$.

$$OH^-$$

Polyatomic ion named hydroxide with a charge of $-1$.

$$CH_3COO^-$$

Polyatomic ion named acetate with a charge of $-1$.

$$CN^-$$

Polyatomic ion named cyanide with a charge of $-1$.

$$CNO^-$$

Polyatomic ion named cyanate with a charge of $-1$.

$$CNS^-$$

Polyatomic ion named thiocyanate with a charge of $-1$.

$$O_2^-$$

Polyatomic ion named superoxide with a charge of $-1$.

$$MnO_4^-$$

Polyatomic ion named permanganate with a charge of $-1$.

$$ClO^-$$

Polyatomic ion named hypochlorite with a charge of $-1$.

$$ClO_2^-$$

Polyatomic ion named chlorite with a charge of $-1$.

$$ClO_3^-$$

Polyatomic ion named chlorate with a charge of $-1$.

$$ClO_4^-$$

Polyatomic ion named perchlorate with a charge of $-1$.