Computer Essentials Final Study Guide

who made the first electronic computing machine and when

Herman Hollerith in 1890

What company did Hollerith found

a tabulating machine company

Scientists at Bell Laboratories invented what in 1947

the transistor

What did Jack Kilby invent

The microchip, in 1959

what did the microchip do

it made having an entire computer on a circuit board accessable

What were the 3 successful personal computers in 1977

Apple II, the TRS-80 Model 1, Commodore Pet 2001

What happened in 1944

Harvard Mark 1 was completed

What happened in 2007

Smartphones were created

What happened in 1994

The World Wide Web was created

What is the difference between hardware and software

Hardware is physical components of a computer and software is internal components

difference between input and output

input devices import data into the computer, while output devices project things from the computer.

file extensions

indicator at the end of a file name that indicates and its format and the program used to create and open it (.pdf, .jpg)

binary code

the language that computers speak in 1’s and 0’s

difference between internet and world wide web

The internet is a global network connecting computers and devices, and the World Wide Web is where we access and share documents through a web browser.

cloud storage vs local storage

Cloud storage lets you save data online for easy access, while local storage saves it on your device for faster offline use.

clipboard

A location where cut or copied material is temporarily stored. This material can be transferred to other documents or files by using the paste command.

keyboard shortcuts and 5 examples.

Ctrl + A = Select All

Ctrl + B = Bold

Ctrl + C = Copy

Ctrl + D = Change character formatting

Ctrl + E = Align Center

Ctrl + F = Find

Ctrl + G = Go To

Ctrl + H = Replace

Ctrl + I = Italics

Ctrl + J = Justify

Ctrl + K = Insert hyperlink

Ctrl + L = Left align

Ctrl + M = Indent

Ctrl + N = New Document

Ctrl + O = Open Document

Ctrl + P = Print

Ctrl + Q = Remove paragraph formatting

Ctrl + R = Right justify

Ctrl + S = Save

Ctrl + T = Create hanging indent

Ctrl + U = Underline

Ctrl + V = Paste

Ctrl + W = Close document

Ctrl + X = Cut

Ctrl + Y = Redo previously undone action

Ctrl + Z = Undo an action

column break

a code inserted into a multiple column layout that forces text to appear in the next column

dot leader

a formatting option that uses a line of period, or dots, between characters and tabs to aligh information in a document

page break

a code inserted into a document that signals where one page ends and the next begins.

page orientation

portrait, where the long edge of the paper is vertical; landscape, where the long edge of the paper is horizontal

tab stop

locations on each line of a document where the cursor stops when the Tab key is pressed

Vertical Page Alignment

An alignment option that spaces text equally between the bottom and top edges of the page.

watermark

A faint background image added to each page of a document

Paragraph Alignment Notes

-left-align the body paragraph of most documents. right alignment is usually applied only to header information such as page numbers

-use justified text when hyphenation is required to or if you prefer to have the text distributed evenly between the left and right margins

Borders & Shading

-consider adding a border & shading to a document that includes an optional note or supplemental info

-for a flyer, you may choose to use a border to draw attention to important information such as the date, time, & location of the event

When do you use bulleted lists or numbered lists

you use bulleted lists is the notes don’t need an order sequence and we use numbered list if the notes need to be order

Indentation

• Double-spaced papers: Indent the first line of each paragraph by half an inch.

• Single-spaced papers with extra space between paragraphs: No need for first-line indents.

• Bulleted or numbered lists: By default, the items are indented a quarter inch from the left margin, with the text of each item indented half an inch. These can be adjusted if needed.

• Block quotations: Used for quotes longer than 40 words (or four lines of text). These are set apart by a greater left margin indent, without a first-line indent.

Utility Software

Analyzes, configures, and optimizes the computer. Supports and maintains the computer system itself.

Device Drivers

software that helps an operating system communicate with hardware devices, such as printers, video cards, scanners, and cameras.

Firmware

A preinstalled, read-only software on a device that tells it how to work.

Windows Operating System

The most wildly used operating system on desktop and notebook devices.

Apple OS X Operating System

Designed to run on desktop and notebook computers produces by Apple, Inc. OS X.

iOS Operating System

A special version of OS X designed to run on the iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad mobile devices from Apple.

Linux Operating System

Designed to run on desktop and notebook computers.

Android

A special version of Linux developed by Google that is designed to run on mobile devices.

Recycle Bin

Holds all deleted files, allowing you to restore them if you later decide you shouldn’t have deleted them.

Icon Shortcuts

The desktop can contain files and folders, as well as shortcuts to applications.

Application Window

Displays a user interface for programs running on the computer.

Start Button

Button located in the center or lower left corner of the desktop.

Pinned Apps

Where frequently used apps or applications can be pinned to the Quiz launch area of the taskbar for faster access.

System

Where you can find various tools to configure settings for display, sound, notifications, power, and more.

Accessibility

Where you can configure accessibility settings for the system.

Hard Disk Drive

Hardware device used for storing and retrieving digital info on a computer.

Optical Drive and examples

Computing deivece that uses laser light and electromagnetic waves to read and write data on optical discs (ex. CD-ROM, DVD, Blu-ray Drives)

Flash Storage

special memory chip storage device that stores data.

Machine language

computers are machines that respond to physical signals, such as positive and negative electric charges, which we represent as ones and zeros

Assembly language

most basic human-readable computer language is called assembly language. Unlike the other languages, assembly language is closely related to the binary machine language

Compiled language

Compiled programming languages, which include C and C++, use a software tool called a compiler to translate the code into machine language because the source code written in these languages can't be run immediately after it's written.

interpreted languages and examples

another solution to making a program work on multiple platforms. Python, JavaScript, and Ruby.

 

Runtime Engines

A subcategory of compiled languages combines the ideas of compiling and interpreting to get many of the advantages of both. (C#, Java)

What is HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

Creates the content and structure of a website

What is CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)

gives websites their look and feel

What is JavaScript

Makes webpages interactive

Technological Singularity

Hypothetical point in time where AI will surpass human intelligence

Expert Systems

Programs designed to solve complex problems in certain domains.

Neural Network

AI technology designed to mimic the physical connections of the human brain.

Big Data Analytics

Data mining experts use AI in machine learning algorithms that discover patterns in vast amounts of data collected from internet searches, social media posts, customer transactions, and weather sensors.

Ribbon (1)

series of tabs that display various buttons, dropdown lists, and galleries of options to choose from.

Quick Access Toolbar (2)

appears above the ribbon on the left. It includes a few of the most commonly used commands.

tab (3)

region on the ribbon that contains a set of related commands.

Dropdown Lists (4)

where some ribbon commands are available and provide a series of options to choose from.

Contextual Tabs (5)

tabs that display based on where the cursor is.

Group (6)

related commands and controls on the ribbon

Command Button (7)

Where some ribbon commands can be executed directly by clicking a button.

Gallery (8)

set of menu options that display visually.

ScreenTip (9)

small window that displays explanatory text when you rest the cursor on a command.

Dialog Box Launcher (10)

small button in the lower-right corner of some ribbon groups is called a dialog box launcher because it opens a dialog box associated with that ribbon group.

Task Pane

different from a dialog box in that you can leave a task pane open while performing other editing or formatting tasks.

Desktop Applications + examples

Software that needs to be installed on a specific computer, works offline, is designed for a particular operating system, has hardware requirements, and requires manual updates. (ex. Microsoft Office, Apache OpenOffice, and WordPerfect Office).

Web Applications + examples

Software that runs in a browser with an internet connection, works on low-hardware devices, doesn't require installation or updates on individual computers, always includes the latest updates, and usually offers fewer features than desktop versions. (ex. Microsoft Office Online and Google Docs)

Paper sides (word)

If your printer supports double-sided printing, you have two options for how it can print: flipping the paper on the short edge or on the long edge. If your printer does not support double-sided printing, you can select the option to manually print on both sides, which requires you to manually flip and reload the paper into the printer.

Collated Printing (word)

document will fully print before the next copy is printed, keeping the pages in order.

Uncollated Printing (word)

printer will print each page the specified number of times before printing the next page, requiring manually sorting the pages.

Paper Orientation (word)

Portrait and landscape

Paper size (word)

Letter and legal

Printing scope (excel)

menu where you can choose to print the current worksheet, all worksheets in the workbook, or the current selection.

Handouts & Other Layout Options (Powerpoint)

Where you can choose to print one slide per page, three slides per page with space for writing, or six slides per page. In addition to handouts, you can choose to print pages that include presenter notes or a content outline.

Navigation Pane

lets you navigate through a document in a few different ways.