NSG 116: Quiz #1 Immunizations

What is immunity

the body's ability to protect itself from disease-causing organisms, like viruses, bacteria, and fungi

What causes serum sickness?

the body's immune system reacting to foreign proteins, typically found in medications or treatments like antivenoms. These proteins, often from animals like horses or rabbits, are recognized as harmful, triggering an immune response

Adults 60 or older

Varicella vaccine to prevent shingles

Adults 65 or older

Td booster every 10 years

Annual influenza vaccine (recommended for sept or Oct)

One time pneumococcal vaccine (2nd dose if it has been 5 years or more since the first dose)

Immunization of specific diseases when at risk with travel or occupation

Malaise

A general sense of being unwell

Born before 1956

One dose of MMR unless they have had the disease

Td booster is given every

10 years

Vaccine schedule: birth to 6 years

Hepatitis B (3 doses)

Rotavirus

D-Tap

HIB

PCV (pneumonia)

IPV (polio)

MMR

Varicella

How does the stomach acid assist the body

The low pH kills harmful bacteria

If you have an allergy to yeast you can not get

Hep B

Vaccines are contraindicated

Children less than one

The immunocompromised

Pregnant Women

Vaccine schedule: 11 to 16 yrs old

Meningitis vaccine (2 doses)

HPV

T-dap

At least 6 months or flu season

Annual yearly influenza vaccine

At least 12 months

MMR(live virus)

Varicella ( live virus)

T-dap vs D-tap vaccine

D-tap is for younger kids under 7

T-dap is for older kids and adults

What does a T-dap/ D-tap vaccine cover

Tdap and DTaP are both vaccines that protect against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis, but they are used for different age groups.

Attenuated (weakened) vaccines produce

Long lasting immunity similar to if you got the actual disease and made your own antibodies

Attenuated vaccines

Microorganisms that have been weakened and are given to stimulate antibody production against the microorganisms prior to a natural infection

Inactivated vaccines

Microorganisms or components of microorganisms that have been killed to stimulate antibody’ production against the microorganism prior to a natural infection

Vaccines/immunizations involve bolstering a person’s immune system by

Inducing antibody formation which will provide active protection against a specific infectious disease

Vaccines are frequently called immunization’s because

They stimulate immunity

Immune concern with organ transplant therapy

The body can see the organ transplant as a foreign object and try to eliminate it, this is why patients take anti rejection drugs for the rest of their lives

Examples of autoimmune diseases

Rheumatoid arthritis

Crohns disease

Psoriasis

What are autoimmune diseases

When the person’s immune system loses the ability to determine the difference between self and non self

Where can autoimmune diseases effect you

Joints

Muscles

Skin

Blood vessels

Digestive System

Endocrine System

Nervous System

White blood cells (leukocytes) travel through the blood stream and into

Tissues to search and destroy invaders

White blood cells (WBCs) are part of

the body's immune system and are normally present in small numbers in urine.

, an increased number of WBCs in the urine can indicate an underlying medical condition. 

Can immunocompromised patients have the flu vaccine

Yes the CDC recommends that they get an annual influenza vaccine

Immunocompromised people can’t take

Attenuated (live) vaccines

What are antigens

substances that trigger an immune response in the body.

typically proteins or carbohydrates found on the surface of cells, viruses, bacteria, or other foreign particles. 

When the immune system encounters an antigen

it recognizes it as a potential threat and produces antibodies specifically designed to bind to and neutralize that antigen.

helps protect the body from infections, allergies, and other harmful substances.

Examples of antigens:

parasites

viruses

bacteria

cancer cells

Example of immunoglobin

Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are proteins in the blood and tissue fluids that help the body fight infection. Examples of the 5 antibodies immunoglobulins include IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, and IgE

What are antibodies(immunoglobulin)

proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance enters your body.

Produced by your immune system,

bind to these unwanted substances in order to eliminate them from your system.

The 5 antibodies (immunoglobulin)

Examples of immunoglobulins include IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, and IgE

What is immunoglobulin

Y shaped proteins produced by the B cell that recognize antigens on pathogens

also known as antibodies, are proteins in the blood and tissue fluids that help the body fight infection.

What is the immune system

a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs within the body that works to defend against infection and disease by identifying and destroying harmful invaders like bacteria, viruses, and parasites,

it remembers past invaders to respond more effectively if they return. 

Barriers that assist the body in immunity

tears

saliva

skin

stomach acid

mucus lining

cells

How do tears assist the immune system

has antibacterial enzymes

How does the mucus lining help the immune system

the mucus lining traps dirt and microbes

What is good gut bacteria

The gut microbiota, also known as gut flora or gut microbiome,

the community of microorganisms that live in the human digestive tract.

made up of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, totaling over 100 trillion microorganisms in a 70 kg person.

The gut microbiota is an organ in itself, weighing around 200 grams, and containing 150–200 times more genes than all human cells combined. 

How does stomach acid help the immune system

the low pH kills the harmful microbes

The two types of immunity

active immunity

passive immunity

How do you get active immunity

when your body's immune system produces antibodies to fight a disease. This can happen when you're exposed to a disease through natural infection or vaccination. 

How do you get passive immunity

when a person receives antibodies from another person or animal, instead of producing them through their own immune system.

Passive immunity can be acquired naturally or artificially. 

natural passive immunity

During pregnancy, a mother's antibodies pass through the placenta to the fetus.

Antibodies are passed from the mother to the infant through breast milk, especially in the first few days after birth.

How long does natural passive immunity last

• Passive immunity provides immediate protection, but it's short-lived, lasting a few weeks to a few months. 

• The antibodies eventually break down and become nonfunctional. 

Passive natural immunity is important because,

before a baby's immune system can produce its own antibodies, It can protect against diseases that a baby is exposed to during and after birth.

Passive immunity can be used to

treat people who have weakened immune systems or who are unable to respond to vaccines. 

Artificial passive immunity

• Antibody injections: A person can receive an injection of antibodies, such as immune globulin (IG), to provide immediate protection from a disease. 

• Donor serum: A person can receive antibodies from the serum of an immunized donor. 

• Monoclonal antibodies: A person can receive antibodies generated from cloned cell lines. 

artificial passive immunity

(through blood transfusion)

artificial active immunity

(from vaccinations)

natural active immunity

(from infection)

What is a toxoid

a weakened bacterial toxin that has been chemically altered to lose the toxicity

The body's immune system produces antibodies that recognize and bind to the toxoid, creating immunity to the toxin.

What are toxoids used for

used to protect against diseases caused by toxins secreted by specific bacteria,( such as diphtheria and tetanus)

are usually given as a series of doses over time, and booster shots may be needed.

What are the types of vaccines

Vaccines can be live, attenuated(weakened), or killed.

What do vaccines do for the immune system?

They stimulate the body's immune system to produce antibodies that recognize and bind to the microorganism that causes disease.

Effects of immunization/toxoid

boosts immune system

induces antibody formation

reduces mortality risk

near eliminates disease

Agents for passive immunity

immune serum

Immune serum

provides passive immunity

is rapid acting to provide temporary immunity (1-3 months)

made from healthy donated plasma

What is the goal of immune serum

to prevent /decreased the incidence and severity of disease symptoms

Black Box warning for immune serum

thrombosis development

so give the minimum dose to at risk patients and hydrate frequently

Mild/ transient effects of immunization

soreness, swelling, fever, fussiness, tiredness, loss of appetite, and vomiting

These side effects usually go away on their own in a few days

Serious/ life threatening effects of vaccination

pneumonia, infection of the brain and/or spinal cord covering, or seizures that are often associated with fever.

What is a titer

Test that determines the amount of antibodies in a person’s blood

Why do we use titers

to measure the concentration of antibodies in a person's blood, essentially determining if they have immunity to a specific disease by checking if their body has produced antibodies against a particular pathogen

What can titers allow

healthcare providers to assess past infections, vaccination effectiveness, and decide if booster shots are needed based on their immune response

Immunization contraindications

conditions that increase the risk of a serious adverse reaction to a vaccine.

Vaccines should not be given to people with contraindications. 

Women who are pregnant should generally not

not receive live vaccines 

Examples of immunization contraindications

• Severe allergic reaction: A previous severe allergic reaction to a vaccine or vaccine component, such as anaphylaxis 

• Severe immunodeficiency: A condition that severely weakens the immune system, such as HIV infection, leukemia, or cancer 

  Pregnancy: Women who are pregnant should generally not receive live vaccines 

• Acute illness: A moderate or severe illness, with or without fever 

• Recent blood transfusions: Receiving a blood product that contains antibodies within a certain time frame 

• History of encephalopathy: Having a brain injury within a certain time frame after receiving a pertussis-containing vaccine 

• Intussusception: A history of intussusception, which is a condition that affects the intestines 

What is serum sickness

a reaction to proteins in antiserum derived from a non-human animal source

occurring 5–10 days after exposure

Symptoms often include a rash, joint pain, fever, and lymphadenopathy.

What are antivenins

also known as antivenom, is a medical treatment that neutralizes the toxins of a snake, spider, or insect bite

. It's an antibody therapy that's injected into a patient as soon as possible after the bite. 

How are antivenins made

• made by injecting a small amount of venom into an animal, such as a horse or sheep.

• The animal's immune system produces antibodies to fight the venom.

• The antibodies are harvested from the animal's blood and purified.

• The purified antibodies are then concentrated into a pharmaceutical-grade antivenom.

• The antivenom is injected into the patient to neutralize the venom.

White blood cells fight off

Pathogens

The lower the pH

The higher the acidity of the stomach acid

65 years old and up need these vaccines

Shingles vaccine

Pneumonia vaccine

Annual influenza vaccine

Vaccination information sheet

Vaccine Information Statements (VISs) are information sheets produced by the CDC that explain both the benefits and risks of a vaccine to vaccine recipients.

How often are tetenus boosters given

adults get a tetanus booster shot every 10 years. The booster can be a Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis) or Td (tetanus, diphtheria) shot. 

What does serum sickness cause

Edema of face,throat, tongue

Which can compromise airways

This is a emergency, patient should get to the hospital or call 911

Treatment for serum sickness

Treat the symptoms with antihistamines,NSAIDS,corticosteroids,topical, and medications

What is prophylaxis

is a medical term for preventive care or measures taken to prevent disease. It can also refer to treatments that prevent a condition from recurring. 

Examples of prophylaxis

• Vaccinations: Prevent the development of diseases

• Health screenings: Help detect diseases early

• Annual checkups: Help detect diseases early

• Medications: Prevent the development of illnesses or the recurrence of conditions

• Surgery: Prevent the development of conditions or the recurrence of conditions

• Antibiotics: Prevent infections before or during certain surgeries or procedures

• Hemostatic agents: Prevent bleeding in people with hemophilia

Older adults and vaccinations

• COVID-19 vaccine: Protects against COVID-19 

• Seasonal flu (influenza) vaccine: Recommended for people of all ages every year 

• RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) vaccine: Protects against RSV 

• Td or Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis) vaccine: A booster vaccine is needed every 10 years 

• Pneumococcal vaccines: Protects against pneumococcal disease, including infections in the lungs and bloodstream 

• Zoster (shingles) vaccine: Protects against shingles and complications related to shingles 

Adults may require immunizations in certain circumstances

Exposure

Travel

Occupational

The nurses role is to

Assess/teach/administer/ evaluate for adverse effects

Vaccines containing allergens are

the yellow fever vaccine/some rabies vaccines contain significant amounts of egg protein

Most flu shots and the nasal spray flu vaccine are manufactured using egg-based technology.

Those with active cancer cannot get

live vaccine

If you have a fever

You can not get a vaccine

Cancer patients can’t get a vaccine

2 months before or after chemotherapy

Why is it important to ask for allergies

because it helps healthcare providers identify potential life-threatening reactions a patient might have to medications, foods, or environmental triggers, allowing them to make informed decisions about treatment plans

Vaccines during pregnancy

Flu

COVID

MMR 1 month before pregnancy

What is thrombosis

Blood clot

Age 60 or older

Varicella vaccine to prevent shingles

What is imunosuppression

Suppression of the body’s immune system and its ability to fight infections and other diseases

What are the agents for active immunity

Vaccines and toxoids

Immunocompromised people have reduced

Antibody response and may need higher or more frequent doses for adequate immunity

HIV positive patients cannot have

No live oral or viral vaccines because the bacteria or virus might reproduce and cause active infection

Serum sickness can compromise

Airways due to edema of throat and tounge