CSET English Subtest 2

Universal: Dialect Formation

a variety of a language, often defined by geography, or possibly social factors (southern y'all)

Motherese

infant directed speech, high pitches and simplified words directed towards babies.

Pidgin

hybrid language created by two groups that do not share a common language

Creolization

a pidgin language passed down as a formal language to the next generations.

Universal Grammar

structure of language is innate within all human from birth.

Empiricist Notion

The brain is a "blank slate" at birth. Language is learned from exposure and memorization.

Poverty of the Stimulus

innate knack fro making sense of complex rules, "mental grammar."

Prescriptive Grammar

set of rules and examples as it relates to syntax and word structures.

Descriptive Grammar

structure of language as it is used when a person speaks or writes. Evolution of language.

Neologisms

newly coined terms or expressions. (surfing the web)

Great Vowel Shift

Shift in the pronunciation of vowels in the 15th century but spelling stayed the same, why english is a difficult kanguage. Transition from Middle English to Modern English.

Phonetics

study of sound of human speech

Phonology

study of the use and organization of sound

Diphthongs

"two sounds" two adjacent vowel sounds occurring within the same syllable. Tongue moves during pronunciation. (eye, hay, boy)

Monophthongs

only one vowel sound is heard in a syllable. Tongue doesn't move during pronunciation. (hop, run, so)

Phoneme

the smallest unit of speech sound that combines with other units to make a word

Morphology

study of how the smallest units make up words

Morpheme

the smallest meaningful unit a word can be broken down to (un)

Free Morpheme

can stand alone as a complete word: car, star, beauty, believe

Bound Morpheme: Inflectional

changes number, gender, or tense: star(s)

Bound Morpheme: Derivational

changes part of speech: believe + able = believable (verb > adjective)

Syntax

arrangement of words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.

Basic Sentence

Subject (usually a noun) + Predicate (verb) + Object (receiving action)

Modifiers

adjective + adverb

Prepositional Phrase

prepositions + object (noun/pronoun)

Coordinating Conjunctions

For

And

Nor

But

Or

Yet

So

Appositives

renames another noun or noun phrase for the purpose of adding more detail

Semantics

the study of meaning in language through linguistic expression.

Pragmatics

the study of meaning in language through consideration of social context (issues, speakers intentions)

Inflection

the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, voice, person, etc.

Conjugation

inflection of verbs (tense, person, number)

Ex: I/You "like"; He/She "likes"

Declension

inflection of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives (voice, gender, mood)

Ex: Steward, Stewardess, Flight Attendant

Speech Act

an utterance considered as an action, particularly with regard to its intention, purpose, or effect. Includes promising, ordering, greeting, warning, inviting, and congratulating. Ex: Drop your weapon or I will shoot you.

Etymology

study of the roots and origins of words

Meta

Greek: beyond, above

Ology

Greek: speech, subject, topic

Tempus

Latin: time

Techne

Greek & Latin: art, skill

Compound Words

a word made up of two or more words. Ex: newspaper, sandpaper, thumbtack

Eponyms

a person after whom a discovery, invention, place is named or thought to be named. Ex: Alzheimer's Disease, Adam's Apple

Agri

Latin: field

Alter

Latin: other

Ambi or Amphi

Latin/Greek: both, around

Anthro

Greek: man

Belli

Latin: war

Biblio

Greek: book

Bio

Greek: life

Cam

Latin: field

Chron

Greek: time

Cogn or -gnosis

Greek/Latin: know

Corp

Latin: body

Cur

Latin: run

Dem

Greek: people

Dent

Latin: tooth

Dict

Latin: speek

Fer

Latin: carry, bear

Fac

Latin: do, make

Fid

Latin: faith

Frater

Latin: brother

Gen

Greek: birth, race

Geo

Greek: earth

Graph

Greek: write, writing

Jud(i)

Latin: law, judge

Man(u)

Latin: hand

Morph

Greek: shape

Onym

Greek: name

Ortho

Greek: straight

Path

Greek: feeling, suffer(ing)

Phil

Greek: love

Photo

Greek: light

Language Development- 6 months

-vocalization with intonation

-responds to name

-responds to human voices without visual cues by turning head or eyes

-responds to friends and angry tones

Language Development- 12 months

-uses one or more words with meaning

-understands simple instructions

-practices inflection

-aware of the social value of speech

Language Development- 18 months

-vocabulary of 5-20 words

-vocabulary is majorly nouns

-some echolalia (repeating of words over and over)

-much jargon with emotional content

-able to follow simple commands

Language Development- 24 months

-able to use at least two prepositions

-combines words into short sentences

-2/3 of what child says should be intelligible

-vocabulary of 150-300 words

-able to use two pronouns

-my and mine are beginning to emerge

Critical Period Hypothesis

ability to acquire language peaks during early childhood through adolescence and declines in adults.

Language Acquisition Device

an inborn and evolved faculty of the human mind that permits us to acquire language when exposed to it.

Cognitive

process of acquiring knowledge

Cognitive: Vygotsky

language and dialogue shape thought and influences learning

Cognitive: PIaget

stages in life from egocentric to maturity that allow for language and development.

Zone of Proximal Development

-validating student's prior knowledge

-understanding that a student can reach potential with help from a more experienced teacher/student

Scaffolding

tools to break down processing.

Homographs

words that have the same spelling with different meaning. Ex. wound (injury) vs. wound (wound-up)

Heterographs

words that have the same meaning with different spelling.

Decoding

deriving meaning from what you hear or read.

Encoding

mental storing and recalling.

Connecting

good readers will read a text and make connections with information they already know, personal experiences, and/or the world around them and how the topic goes beyond the reading.

Predicting

-thinking about what will happen next

-considers the author's intent to infer what will happen next

-support with evidence

Visualizing

-painting a picture of the setting

-placing themselves in the place of the characters

-recognizing sensory details

Summarizing

-chunking information

-identifying important details in a text

-restating information in your own words

-grouping information together that have similar ideas

Coordinating Conjunction

attaches two independent clauses, such that neither clause has logical priority or depends on the other. Ex: It was raining, and I had forgotten my umbrella.

Coordination

attaches two simple sentences by adding a semicolon and transitional phrase (therefore, also, moreover) or a comma and conjunction (FANBOYS).

Independent Clause

a clause that can stand alone and is complete in the grammatical sense.

Subordinating Conjunction

although, because, if, when, while

Subordinate Clause

usually functions as an adverb, giving information about time, place, a reason or purpose, or a contrasting thought. Ex: BECAUSE OF THE WEATHER, we had to delay our departure.

Phrase

any small grouping of words within a clause.

Adjective Phrase

modify nouns. Ex: The melon is TRULY DELECTABLE.

Adverb Clause

modifies adverbs, adjectives, and verbs. Tell when, where, why, how, how much, and under what condition. Begin with subordinating conjunction (after, if, although, because) and they contain a subject and predicate. Ex: She likes the red car MORE THAN HER HUSBAND DOES.

Infinitive Phrase

a complement used to define an abstract noun. Will always begin with "to" followed by the simple form of the verb. Ex: I ran TO GET OUT OF THE RAIN.

Present Tense

I talk.

Present Progressive Tense

I am talking.