JMU BIO 103 topic 9 mcmullen

green plants include

green algae, nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms + angiosperms (seed vascular plants)

chlorophyll b

in green plant synapomorphies primary photo-synthetic pigment

thylakoids

stacked in grana in the chloroplasts

starch

the food storage product in green plants (potato, bananas)

cellulose and hemicellulose

major cell wall components in green plant synapomorphies

Plasmodesmata

channels through cell walls in green plants that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

Coleochaete

genus; sister to land plants

2 haploids

make a diploid zygote

diploid

2n

haploid

n

gametes

in land plants to complete a life cycle, ____ have to fuse together

Ulva

multicellular green algae

land plants include

nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms (seed vascular plants), angiosperms (seed vascular plants)

cuticle

land plants have an outer, waxy covering called

gametangia

land plants, each with an outer, sterile layer of protective cells that keeps them moist, and produces gametes

sporophyte

a diploid embryo that grows into a multicellular, _______ individual (generation)

non-vascular plants

liverworts, hornworts, mosses

wort

means plant or herb. In medieval times, it was thought that liverworts could be used against liver disease. That was because these plants were shaped somewhat like a human liver

Hornworts

mature sporangium splits open to release spores (sporophytes-release spores-next generation)

mosses

male and female gametes, have sporophytes above them

lignin

Mosses have hydroids and leptoids, which are cells that comprise tissues similar to xylem and phloem, except there is no _____ in the cell walls

stomata

are often present on the moss sporophytes

gametophyte

haploid generation in land plants

sporophyte

diploid generation in land plants

sporic meiosis

in land plants, an alternation of haploid and diploid generations occurs in organisms that exhibit

yes

is water necessary for fertilization?

gametophyte

is the sporophyte or gametophyte generation dominant in general plant life cycle?

1 or 2

how many types of spores are produced in general plant life cycle?

sporophyte capsule

where does meiosis occur in general plant life cycle?

gamatangia

A name for colony-forming algae

homospory

one type of spore is produced

Rhizoids

anchor gametophytes to substrate

peristem

cap on top

epigram

little layer of tissue that has to peel off

Organs

vascular plant roots, stems, leaves

vascular tissue system

xylem and phloem

Lignin

substance in vascular plants that makes cell walls rigid

vascular plants

have tissues made of cells that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant

seedless vascular plants

Plants that have vascular tissue but reproduce by spores (ferns, club mosses, and horsetails)

Cooksonia

(SV) first vascular plant, sporangia were round, became extinct by mid-Devonian period

psilotum nudum "whisk fern"

(SV) enations look like little leaves

Lycopodium

(SV) club moss, spores are powdery/slippery (used for gloves, condoms)

Equisetum

(SV) snake grass, horsetail, rough head used to clean dishes

strobili

collections of sporangia

Equisetum

spores with elaters

Polypodium

(SV) fern

sorus

cluster of sporangia on the underside of a fern frond

sporangia

meiosis occurs in the ___ of a fern

homospory

production of a single type of spore

sporophyte

in a fern the ______ generation is dominant

seed plants

plants that produce seeds for reproduction

seed

plant embryo and a food supply encased in a protective covering

pollen

A fine dust that contains the sperm of seed-producing plants

siphonogamy

fertilization using pollen tubes in seed plants

water

When pollen is present, ____ is not used for fertilization in seed plants

anatomy of a seed

embryo+ nutritive tissue+ seed coat

Gymnosperms

A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits

Phylum Coniferophyta

(G) conifers (pines, firs, spruces, bald cypress; Pinus), appeared in at least 290 mya

Pinus

male cones, pollen grains

microspores

develop into male gametophytes

sporophyte

dominant generation in pine

ovule

female cones in pine

Megasporangia

produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes

gametangia

A reproductive organ that houses and protects the gametes of a plant

archegonium

structure that produces eggs, develops on the gametophyte

Heterospory

the production of two distinct types of spores by different structures

Spores

in gymnosperms, ___ are not released

Angiosperms

flowering plants that produce seeds in fruit

double fertilization in angiosperms

one sperm fertilizes the egg to form a zygote and one sperm combines with two polar nuclei to form the endosperm

microgametophyte

3-nucleate ____ in angiosperms

megagametophyte

8-nucleate _____ in angiosperms

eucalyptus tree

largest angiosperm

wolffia

smallest angiosperm

typical flowers

Sepals

comprise the calyx

Petals

make up the corolla

Anthers

contain pollen sacs in which male gametophytes are produced

Class Monocots

Named for their single seed leaves called cotyledons

multiples of 3

in monocots flower parts are in

parallel

in monocots leaf venation is

scattered

in monocots, stem vascular bundles are

ring

in monocots, xylem and phloem are in a

Monocots

coconut, rice, trillium

Class Dicots

Named for their two seed leaves (two cotyledons)

4 or 5

in dicots, flower parts are in multiples of

net

in dicots, leaf venation is

distinct ring

in dicots, stem vascular bundles are in a

xylem

root phloem between arms of

Dicots

cinquefoil, daisy, strawberry, poppy, cactus

inflorescence

A group of flowers tightly clustered together.

Panicle

compound raceme

spike inflorescence

unbranched, elongated inflorescence with sessile flowers

raceme inflorescence

unbranched, elongated inflorescence whose flowers have pedicels

head inflorescence

dense cluster of sessile or sub sessile flowers (ray flowers, sunflowers)

catkin inflorescence

A dense spike or raceme of apetalous, imperfect flowers. It often falls as a single unit

microsporangia

will be grouped within the anther (meiosis)

megasporangia

will be within the ovary

oogamy

large non-motile egg, smaller motile sperm; animals and all land plants exhibit

isogamy

The production of equal-sized gametes.

sporophyte generation

is diploid