chapter 13 psych

personality

persons patter of thinking, feeling, and behaving; sum of traits and behaviors that develop over time and are relatively stable

disposition

general mood and attitude that influences personality

well craft personality theory

clinical and practical utility
predictive value
insight into human nature
self understanding
complex behavior understanding

Freud Psychoanalytic

interactions come across id (pleasure principle biological needs) ego ( reality principle that has reasoning and defense mechanisms) superego (perfection principle moral standards of society feelings of guilt and pride)

defense mechanism (freud)

unconscious strategies used by ego to reduce anxiety (repression, projection, denial)

freud’s stage of personality development

psychosexual (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) where body zones are source of pleasure: unresolved conflicts can cause fixations

Criticisms of Psychoanalytic Perspective

not testible or falsifiable relies on case studies wihtout empirical support

Carl Jung analytical psychology

concscious mind (ego) part of psyche aware of thoughts feelings and actions

personal unconscious storage of information that can become conscious contains memories unique to individual

collective unconscious inherited collection of universal memories of all humans with archtypes

Jung Archetypes

Great mother - nurtuing comforting
The shadow - dark hidden self
the wise old man - guidance wisdom
hero - rescuer champion
the persona - public mask or role
trickster - deciever or manipulator

Fundamental Principles of Personality (Jung)

Opposites: personality contians opposing forces (introvert extrovert)
Equivalence: energy used by one part reappears elsewhere
Entropy: balance among psychic forces leads to wholeness
Transcendence: uniting all parts of the psyche

Jung achievement

Identified introversion vs extroversion as central personality dimensions

Alfred Adler Individual psychology Major drive of personality

striving for superiority the drive to overcome feelings of inferiority from childhood

Healthy vs Unhealthy Lifestyle (Adler)

Health strives for mastery cooperation and social interest
unhealthy exaggerated striving for personal power or dominance

Humanistic Perspectives

humans are inherently good and have innate drive towards self actualizations (becoming best version)

Carl rogers (person centered theory)

importance of positive regard (all people are human) and self concept (response and beleifs of self and others)

Positive Regard

feeling loved and respected by others
uncondiional: acceptance regardless of behavior
conditional: love, respect depend on meet expectations

Positive self regard (humanistic)

self esteeem from receiving positive regard from others

Incongruence (humanistic)

mismatch between real self (authentic self guided sense of purpose) ideal self (should become conditional regard)  leads to distress unhappiness

Maslows hierarchy of needs

1. phsyological

2. safety

3. love belonging

4. esteem

5. self actualization

B needs vs D needs

D needs deficit: surival (food, safety)

B needs beings: self actualization and growth

peak experience

moments of intense joy or creativity when one feels fully realized

criticisms of humanistic perspectives

concepts like self actualizations are vague subjective and hard to test; overly idealistic view of human nature

trait theory general

describes personality as a combination of stable characteristics that predict behavior; focuses on description rather than explanation

The big FIVE traits OCEAN

1. openess imagination curiosity

2. conscientiousness organization dependability

3. sociability energy

4. agreeableness kindness trust

5. neuroticism emotional instability

Prosand cons of big five

easy to understand intuitive good predictive validity
cons descriptive but not explanatory doesnt explain personality development or motivation

social cognitive theory albert bandura

personality interaction of traits thoughts and environment

observational learning (social cognitive)

learning through watching others or vicarious reward/ punishment

reciprocal determinism

behavior cognitiion and environment influence one another continously

self efficacy (social cognitive)

belief in ones ability to perform actions successfully

behavioral capability (trait theory)

knowledge and skills to perform behavior

self regulation

ability to monitor and adjust behavior to meet goals

Walter mischel consistency paradox

personality is not always consistent across situations; behavior changes based on expected reinforcement or punishment

Cognitive person variables (social cognitive theoory)

internal factors (values, beliefs, expectations, self concept) that shape behavior in different contexts

locus of control

source of outcomes
internal: results depends on ur actions
external: results depends on luck or outside forces

criticism of social cognitive perspective

overemphasizes environment understimates internal traits and consistency

Biological perspectives Hans Eysenck 3 factor model

1. extraversion / introversion: level of arousal

2. neuroticism/stability: sensitivty of sympathetic nervous systme

3. psychoticism/normality mix of openness and agreeableness linked to test

E.O wilson evolutionary sociiobiology perspective

personality/ social behavior evolved through natural selction behavioral patterns that enhance survival are inherited

Criticms of biological perspective

reductionist, minimizes role of environment nad personal agency

Projective Tests

acess to uncincious motives via ambiouous stimuli subjectively scores

Free association rorschach inkblot, thematic apperception tests

SElf report inventories

objective personaltiy assment scored empiracally (MMPI CPI 16PF)