Sheep and Goat Production Exam 3

What can energy deficiency cause in sheep?

Decreased growth, weight loss, reproductive failure, resistance to disease, and increased lamb death

What are the five nutrient requirements?

Water, energy (carbohydrates and fats), protein, minerals, and vitamins

What factors affect water intake?

Dry matter intake, increased nitrogen intake, excess mineral intake, gestation and lactation

How many lbs of air dry feed does a sheep eat to need 1 gallon of water?

4 lbs

What is the highest salt content in water that is acceptable?

1%

At what temperature does water intake start to increase?

70 degrees

Where does energy come from?

Fats and carbohydrates

What is the most limiting nutrient?

Energy

What can be supplemented to increase energy on range land?

Corn

What is the most expensive nutrient?

Protein

What is important when it come to protein?

Need quantity more than quality

How much total protein in a ration can urea provide?

Only 1/3

How can minerals be used as a management tool?

To gather sheep, aid in herding and to utilize pasture

What does iodine deficiency cause?

Goiter (enlarged thyroid gland) and woolless baby lambs

What is the proper ratio of calcium to phosphorous?

2:1 or 2.5:1

What deficiency causes white muscle disease?

Selenium and vitamin E

What problem is caused by an improper calcium to phosphorus ratio?

Urinary calculi

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, K

Where does vitamin A come from?

In green feedstuff; convert carotene to vitamin A

Where does vitamin D come from?

Sunshine

Where does vitamin K come from?

Forage

What does vitamin E do?

Works with selenium to prevent white muscle disease

What stages are in the yearly nutritional requirements?

Breeding, gestation, lambing, lactation, dry period

What is important when flushing?

Increase nutrition, weight, and ovulation rate

How many weeks should you flush before breeding?

2 to 3 weeks

What is critical during the first 2/3 - 100 days of gestation?

Maintain body weight, if there is inclement weather there is a need to increase feed

How many days is implantation?

First 17 days

What is important during the last 1/3 of pregnancy - 50 days?

70% fetal growth, 75% more protein, energy, and dry matter

How many lbs should ewes gain during pregnancy?

20-30 lbs; 10 lbs above lamb weight

What can be done to help prevent mastitis?

Feed low levels of antibiotics

What problems are caused by inadequate nutrition?

Pregnancy disease (twins and triplets), lower birth weights, weak lambs, decreased: gain, mothering instincts, milk production, fleece weights

How do you feed a ewe during lambing?

Restrict feed the first day, then increase slowly

What requirement above maintenance does lactation have?

100%

When is peak milk production?

At 2-3 weeks

How much more milk do ewes with twins give than with singles?

50% meaning twins only get 75% of what a single gets

What is the dry period?

4 month period after lactation and lambing

What is the leading cause of death for lambs?

Starvation

When should baby lambs nurse after birth?

2-3 hours; 30 minutes after birth blood sugar level declines to half

What is hypoglycemia?

Low blood sugar

What contains antibodies that help shape the immune system?

Colostrum

When should lambs consume colostrum?

Within 12 hours of birth

What is one way to cause confusion for the ewe during lambing?

Rub the lamb you are wanting to graft with placenta from dead lamb

What is important when grafting?

Timing, keeping ewe from beating up lamb

Why is grafting important?

Raising orphan lambs isn't profitable

Why is it better to wean at 60-90 days?

It is cheaper to feed lambs than ewes

When should you early wean lambs?

Better utilization of pasture, predators, poisonous plants, ewe won't rebreed if she still has lamb nursing, accelerated lambing programs

How many lamb crops is ideal over 2 years?

3 lamb crops

When should remove all grain and feed only roughage before weaning?

1 week before weaning

When should you remove all feed and water before weaning?

1 day before weaning

Should you provide water and feed to ewes on weaning day?

No

Only water should be given for how long after weaning?

2-5 days

On what day should you slowly increase hay intake to ewes after weaning?

After day 5

Under what circumstances should you creep feed?

Early weaned lambs, fall and winter born lambs, twin/triplet lambs, late season and drought

When should creep feeding be started?

1 week

How much should lambs be gaining for creep feeding to pay off?

1/2 lb a day

What is important for creep feeding?

Dry area, well lit, warm location, salt and palatability

Which breed is faster to eat? Slower?

Faster = meat breed, slower = fine wools

What percentage of protein should creep feed have?

18-20%

What is the most expensive ration a sheep will ever eat?

Creep ration

What % of protein should a diet have from 60-90 days old?

16%

After 90 days of age, what should the protein content of a diet be?

12-14%

What are 3 important things in a post weaning diet?

High energy diet, promotes fast growth, and Ca and P ratio is important

What can be added to the diet to help dissolve crystals from urinary calculi?

Ammonium chloride and ammonium sulfate

What are 3 things a ewes diet should have?

Not as much energy as feedlot lamb diets, 50:50 concentrate to roughage and 13-15% crude protein

What else is important when feeding ewes?

Don't fatten too fast, and manage intake aggressively enough so that they will breed as lambs and then lamb as yearlings

What kind of parasites is a bigger problem in sheep and goats?

Internal parasites

What external parasite bite and irritates the sheep, affects the quality of fleece, causes a raised blemish on pelt and a dip, spray or dust is used to treat?

Sheep ked

What often needs to be done before treating sheep ked?

Shearing

What external parasite gets in open sores and bloody docking areas?

Wool maggots

What external parasite lives in a wet environment and feeds on wool and dead skin?

Wool maggots

How do you treat wool maggots?

Shear and spray area

What are the two types of lice?

Sucking and biting

Which external parasite affects goats more than sheep?

Lice

What parasite larvae lives in sinus' and causes animals to shake their head and snort?

Head bots

What is caused by a mite, makes the animal itchy and is a reportable condition?

Psoroptic mange - Scabies

List 5 types of internal parasites.

Stomach and intestinal, lung worms, tape worms, flukes and coccidia

What are some symptoms of parasitism?

Loss of condition, rough hair coat, scours/diarrhea, anemia, bottle jaw, pale mucous membranes (eyelids and gums), and death

When are parasites most prevalent?

Warm, wet weather in spring

What is usually the primary health condition affecting sheep and goats?

Stomach and intestinal parasites

What do worms cause in the stomach?

They pierce the lining of the abomasum and either suck blood or compete for nutrients

Where do stomach worms come from?

Grazing

What kind of conditions are stomach and intestinal worms more of a problem?

Wet, humid environments

What are some ways to prevent parasites?

No standing water, prevent over stocking, clean rested pastures for lambs, don't feed on the ground, provide adequate nutrition for all livestock