Psych_of_Sex_midterm_1

Human sexuality involves the ways we __________ ourselves as sexual beings.

Experience and express our sexual orientation, desires, and practices in various contexts.

Cultural norms shape sexual behavior, as seen in cultures like __________ and Mangaian.

Inis Beag, a culture notable for its restrictive sexual practices, highlighting how cultural context influences sexuality.

The Ethics of __________ focuses on personal freedom and individual rights.

Autonomy, which emphasizes the importance of individuals making informed and voluntary choices regarding their sexuality.

__________ is a method utilized in scientific research to gain objective insights into sexual behavior.

Surveys and interviews that collect self-reported data, which can provide valuable quantitative and qualitative insights.

Evolutionary Theory explains behavior in terms of __________ success and mating strategies.

Reproductive success, emphasizing the role of biological imperatives in shaping mating behaviors and preferences in humans.

Self-reports in research assess __________ arousal through questionnaires or scales.

Subjective sexual arousal, allowing researchers to understand personal experiences and feelings related to sexual stimuli.

Informed consent ensures that participants understand the __________ of the study.

Purpose and methods, ensuring participants are fully aware of what the study entails and are agreeing to participate freely.

The __________ perspective emphasizes fluidity and diversity in gender and sexual identities.

Queer Theory, which challenges rigid categories of gender and sexuality and advocates for the acceptance of diverse identities.

The __________ phase of the menstrual cycle is when the uterine lining is shed.

Menstrual phase, marking the beginning of a new cycle with the shedding of the endometrium.

Breast cancer is primarily caused by __________ infection, which can be prevented through vaccination.

HPV (Human Papillomavirus), a prevalent sexually transmitted infection known to increase cancer risk, with vaccines available to prevent infection.

Sexual health includes the ability to express oneself as a sexual being and make __________ choices.

Informed choices, reflecting the need for knowledge and understanding in making decisions related to sexual activity.

The __________ phase is characterized by increased estrogen levels and thickening of the uterine lining.

Proliferative phase, preparing the uterus for potential implantation of a fertilized egg.

The __________ cycle includes four stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Sexual Response cycle, outlining the physiological and emotional stages individuals experience during sexual activity.

Histories of attitudes towards sexuality have evolved from taboos to __________ liberation.

Sexual liberation, reflecting societal shifts towards acceptance and openness regarding sexual expression.

The __________ of Divinity evaluates sexual behavior through religious teachings.

Ethics, providing a framework for understanding morality in sexual behavior according to various religious beliefs.

Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud) posits that behavior is primarily driven by __________.

Unconscious sexual desires and conflicts.

Erogenous Zones refer to __________.

Parts of the body particularly responsive to sexual stimulation.

According to Freud, Psychosexual Development involves the shifting of sexual energy (libido) across different stages including __________.

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages.

The __________ stage in Freud's psychosexual development focuses on pleasure from oral stimulation.

Oral stage, where infants derive pleasure from activities like sucking.

During the __________ stage, libido is centered on bowel control and toilet training.

Anal stage, emphasizing control and independence.

The __________ stage in Freud's model is characterized by the awakening of sexual feelings towards the opposite sex.

Phallic stage, where children experience attraction and identify with their same-sex parent.

Latency stage is a period where sexual energy is __________.

Dormant, allowing children to focus on social skills and relationships.

The final stage of psychosexual development is the __________ stage, where individuals develop mature sexual relationships.

Genital stage, marking the onset of mature sexual intimacy.

What does Classical Conditioning explain in the context of sexual behavior?

It explains how neutral stimuli can become associated with sexual arousal through repeated pairing.

Operant Conditioning in sexual behavior focuses on how behaviors are influenced by __________.

Rewards and punishments that shape sexual actions and decisions.

Social Learning Theory suggests that sexual behavior is learned through __________.

Observing others and modeling their behaviors.

Sexual Script Theory posits that sexual behavior is dictated by __________.

Cultural scripts that outline expected sexual conduct.

According to Sexual Script Theory, sexual behavior arises from a mix of __________, interpersonal, and individual circumstances.

Cultural factors.

The key idea of Social Exchange Theory is that sexual satisfaction increases when perceived __________ outweigh costs.

Rewards.

Feminist Theory critiques traditional gender norms and highlights __________ of women in society.

Societal subordination.

According to Feminist Theory, sexuality can serve as both a source of __________ and liberation.

Oppression.

Queer Theory challenges __________ in gender and sexual identities.

Traditional binaries.

Queer Theory asserts that gender and sexual identities are __________ and diverse.

Constructed and fluid.

Qualitative Methods focus on __________ individual insights through techniques like interviews and focus groups.

In-depth

A drawback of Qualitative Methods is that they provide rich data but are __________ and may not generalize.

Time-consuming

Quantitative Methods include __________ and experiments for identifying patterns and trends.

Surveys

Quantitative Methods provide __________ reliability but may lack personal depth.

Statistical

Social Desirability Bias occurs when participants provide __________ accepted responses rather than truthful ones.

Socially

Volunteer Bias in sex research suggests that volunteers may not represent the __________ population.

General

Kinsey’s Research highlighted the importance of combining methods to obtain __________, large-scale data.

Reliable

Masters and Johnson used laboratory observation to study __________ sexual responses directly.

Physiological

Informed Consent ensures that participants understand the study's __________, methods, and potential risks.

Purpose

Researchers must protect participant privacy to ensure __________.

Confidentiality

Studies must minimize physical and psychological risks, especially when explicit materials are involved, to avoid __________.

Harm

Core of the Abortion Debate: Key Agreement

Both sides prioritize equal rights differently; Anti-Abortion emphasizes fetal right to life, while Pro-Abortion focuses on a woman’s autonomy.

The Moral Question of Personhood

Central question: Is the fetus a 'person' with a right to life? Raises ethical dilemmas regarding the moral status of the fetus.

Continuity Argument for Personhood

Proposes personhood begins at fertilization, questioning the moral implications of killing a fetus before and after it is considered a person.

Judith Jarvis Thomson’s Violinist Analogy

Argues a woman can detach from a fetus without moral wrongdoing, as it uses her body without consent.

Criticisms of Thomson’s Argument

Argues pregnancy is not akin to assault and emphasizes biological relationship and moral obligations from voluntary actions.

Jane English’s Revision of the Violinist Analogy

Posits rights to disconnect from an unwanted pregnancy remain, even with risk of unintended consequences.

Parental Moral Obligations: Key Question

Do parents have a moral duty to care for a fetus, especially with biological dependency considered?

Limits to the Claim of Natural Rights for Fetus

Claim is not absolute; abortion may be morally justified if the mother's life is endangered.

Active vs. Passive Acts in Abortion

Debate whether abortion is akin to withdrawal of support (passive) or an act of destruction (active).

Concerns of Racism in Abortion Debate

Some communities view abortion as a potential tool for systemic racism or genocide.

Father’s Rights Debate in Abortion

Discussion on the role father's preferences should play in abortion decisions.

Sex Selection Issues in Abortion

Concerns that sex determination may lead to gender imbalances through selective abortion.

Sperm Donor Example Argument

Hypothetical of stolen sperm raises questions about parental obligations and the child's welfare.

What is personhood in the context of the abortion debate?

Personhood refers to the recognition of an individual as having rights, including the right to life.

How do Anti-Abortion and Pro-Abortion perspectives differ on personhood?

Anti-Abortion: Personhood begins at conception. Pro-Abortion: Personhood may begin later (e.g., viability, birth); abortion can still be morally justified even if personhood starts at conception.

What are continuity arguments related to personhood?

Continuity arguments claim personhood begins at conception, asserting that if killing a newborn is wrong, it should be equally wrong moments before birth and at conception.

What is the claim regarding 'The Right to Be in the Womb'?

The fetus has a natural right to occupy the womb, similar to a child's right to care after birth, as pregnancy is a foreseeable consequence of sexual intercourse.

What does the concept of 'The Natural Claim to the Mother’s Body' imply?

It emphasizes that the biological connection and dependency of a fetus on the mother grant it a unique moral claim to the mother’s body.

Summarize Judith Jarvis Thomson’s Violinist Analogy.

The analogy compares a woman's right to detach from a fetus to a kidnapped person unhooking themselves from a violinist whose survival depends on them.

What is a key criticism of Thomson’s Violinist Analogy?

It oversimplifies the biological connection and assumes ethical obligations arise only from voluntary actions.

What is Jane English’s revision of the Violinist Analogy?

It suggests that even with the knowledge of potential connection, a person retains the right to detach themselves, similar to unwanted pregnancies.

What does the Sperm Donor Analogy illustrate about parental obligations?

It raises the question of whether a parent can justify harming a child due to an unjust conception, highlighting the child's right to life.

How do intentions influence ethical responsibilities in the context of pregnancy?

Those attempting to conceive may have greater moral obligations than those who conceive unintentionally.

What is the distinction between active and passive abortion according to Thomson’s view?

Thomson views abortion as a passive act (like withdrawing support), while critics argue it is an active act of destruction, challenging her analogy.

What are prima facie and absolute claims regarding fetal rights?

A prima facie claim to the mother’s body may be overridden by stronger moral reasons; an absolute claim is considered inviolable regardless of circumstances.

What unresolved questions exist around the concept of personhood?

Key questions include when personhood begins, whether dependency creates moral obligations, and if abortion can be justified despite personhood.

What are the ethical implications of the pro-abortion and anti-abortion perspectives?

Pro-Abortion: Personhood does not override a woman's rights; Anti-Abortion: Personhood entails an absolute right to life, outweighing other considerations.

Age of Consent in Canada

The legal age at which an individual can agree to participate in sexual activity is generally 16 years old.

Exceptions to Age of Consent in Canada

1. Exploitative Activity: 18 years old in cases of trust, power, or authority. 2. Other Sexual Activity: 18 years old for sex work or explicit material.

Definition of Consent

A voluntary agreement to engage in specific sexual activity.

Situations Where Consent is Invalid

1. Consent given by someone other than the complainant. 2. Complainant unable to consent (e.g., intoxicated or unconscious). 3. Abuse of trust or authority. 4. Complainant disagrees verbally or through actions. 5. Complainant withdraws consent during the activity.

Invalid Defenses for Lack of Consent

An accused cannot claim belief in consent if it arose from self-induced intoxication, recklessness, or failure to confirm consent.

Historical Context of Age of Consent in Canada

The age of consent was historically 14 years, later raised to 16 years, with 18 years for exploitative situations.

Minimum Legal Marriage Age in Alberta

The legal minimum age for marriage is 16 years, except for pregnant females with a physician's certificate.

Gender Differences in Adolescent Sexual Behavior

Females often hesitate and consider risks before engaging in intercourse, while males show greater willingness to engage, particularly with strangers.

Gender Differences in College-aged Sexual Behavior

Males are more likely to agree to intercourse with female strangers, whereas females are less likely to accept similar offers from male strangers.

Script Theory in Sexual Behavior

Suggests social interactions follow culturally learned 'scripts' for dating and sex.

Gender-Specific Scripts for Females

Females are often socialized as sexual 'gatekeepers,' reflecting societal expectations of caution in sexual decision-making.

Gender-Specific Scripts for Males

Males are encouraged to take assertive roles in sexual interactions and pursue opportunities more actively.

What are the physical changes during puberty?

Increased sex drive, maturation of sex organs, and development of secondary sexual characteristics like body hair and voice changes.

How does cognitive development affect adolescent decision-making?

Adolescents develop skills like introspection and hypothetical thinking, but still show poor impulse control affecting sexual decisions.

What social changes do adolescents experience regarding sexual relationships?

Adolescents explore sexual relationships and adapt to new adult roles, including challenges like body changes and safer sex education.

How have dating trends changed among adolescents?

Adolescent dating has shifted from mate selection to recreational purposes, with 25% of 12-year-olds and 70% of 18-year-olds reporting romantic relationships.

What is the proactive script in adolescent dating?

The proactive script for males involves initiating dates, planning activities, and taking assertive sexual roles.

What milestones in sexual activity are common by age 18?

By age 18, 60% of females report vaginal touching and 77% of males report penile touching.

What significant trend has been observed in adolescent sexual attitudes?

Approval of premarital sex increased from 20% in 1960 to 50% in 1980, with early sexual activity becoming more common.

What psychological characteristics are associated with sexually active adolescents before age 16?

Higher substance use, lower academic motivation, and greater independence orientation are observed in adolescents engaging in sex before age 16.

What influences sexual activity in adolescents?

Hormones, parenting styles, peer influence, and household composition significantly impact adolescent sexual behavior.

When do gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents typically recognize their sexual orientation?

Adolescence is often the time when individuals recognize their sexual orientation, starting around age 14 for males.

What percentage of high school students report inconsistent contraceptive use?

40% of high school students did not use a condom during their last sexual encounter, often due to reasons like embarrassment.

What are common outcomes of teen pregnancy for mothers?

Lower education levels, higher dropout rates, and increased welfare dependency are common outcomes for teen mothers.

What are key characteristics of STIs among adolescents?

Many STIs are asymptomatic, meaning they show no symptoms, leading to unintentional transmission.

What did the Kinsey Reports reveal about sexual behaviors?

They highlighted the diversity in human sexual behaviors, challenging rigid categories of 'normal' vs. 'abnormal' sexuality.

What are the four stages of the Sexual Response Cycle according to Masters and Johnson?

Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, and Resolution.

How do hormones influence sexual behavior?

Hormones like testosterone and estrogens drive sexual interest, with boys being more influenced by hormonal surges.

What role do sexual scripts play in sexual behavior?

Sexual scripts are learned societal norms that dictate expected behaviors in sexual and romantic situations.