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Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
Flashbulb memory
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
Encoding
The processing of information into the memory system.
Storage
The retention of encoded information over time.
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage.
Sensory memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
Short-term memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, before information is stored or forgotten.
Long-term memory
Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
Working memory
A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
Automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
Effortful processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Rehearsal
The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.
Spacing effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
Serial position effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
Imagery
Mental pictures
Mnemonics
Memory aids.
Chunking
Organizing terms into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
Long-term potentiation
An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
Implicit memory
Retaining learned skills or conditioning, often without conscious awareness of this learning.
Explicit memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare."
Hippocampus
A neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage.
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test.
Relearning
A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.
Priming
The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.
Mood-congruent memory
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with your current mood (good or bad).
Proactive interference
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
Retroactive interference
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.
Repression
In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
Misinformation effect
Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.
Source amnesia
Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (also called source misattribution).
Retrieval cue
Any stimulus (event, feeling, place, and so on) linked to a specific memory.
Strategies to improve memory
1) Study repeatedly
2) Space out study
3) Spend more time rehearsing & actively thinking about material
4) Make material meaningful
5) Activate retrieval cues
6) Minimize interference
7) Sleep more
8) Test your own knowledge
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from one's past
