electrolytes
more essential for body to function
two solutes water contains
electrolytes and nonelectrolytes
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electrolytes
more essential for body to function
two solutes water contains
electrolytes and nonelectrolytes
body fluid compartments
intracellular and extracellular
extracellular body compartments
interstitial, intravascular, transcellular
interstitial
lies spaces between body cells
intravascular
plasma within the blood
transcellular
specialized fluids (cerebral spinal fluid)
third body compartment
where 3rd spacing happens; fluid has escaped to this compartment
what happens if fluid has escaped to third body compartment
swelling and edema
movements of fluids and electrolytes
osmosis, diffusion, filtration, active transport
osmosis
movement of water from less concentration to more concentration
diffusion
passive process of moving molecules from an area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration
filtration
movement of both water and smaller particles from area of high to low concentration; also filters blood
active transport
bigger molecules (electrolytes) move from area of low to high concentration, produces atp (source of energy)
fluid intake recommendation for women
2700 ml/ day
fluid intake recommendation for men
3700 ml/ day
why do men have more fluid intake
because men have more muscle and water content
where does 20% of your fluid intake come from
food/ metabolism of food
fluid intake is regulated by what
thirst
thirst is regulated by
the hypothalamus
what is the amount of fluid output a day
1500ml a day
what is adequate range of urine output an hour
25-30 ml
what is the recommended range per hour for urine output
50-60ml
UOP
urine output
ways you can output urine
perspiration, exhaling, feces
range of feces output
100-200 ml/day
range of sweating output
300-600ml/ day
lungs/exhalation output
300 ml per day
hormonal regulation
-Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-Renin-Angiotensin aldostrone System
-Thyroid hormone
-Brain natriuretic peptide
antidiuretic hormone
hold on to fluid
what holds on to ADH
the kidneys
too much ADH
swollen and edema
too little ADH
dehydrated
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
regulation of fluid, renin, angiotensin (1 and2)
what is responsible for converting angiotensin 1 to 2
renin
releasee of angiotensin 2
-tells kidneys to hold on to more water and sodium
- produces aldosterone
wherever water goes
sodium flows
aldosterone (RASS)
tells kidneys to reabsorb sodium but release potassium
RASS can have an effect on what
blood pressure
thyroid hormone
affects fluid volume by influencing cardiac output (pumping more blood so more urine excretes)
BNP
brain natriuretic peptide
BNP releases
sodium through the urine
what is BNP a sign of
Heart failure
PT with kidney failure wont be able to absorb
sodium or excrete potassium
normal sodium range
135-145
what type of fluid is sodium
extracellular and a cation (positive charge)
what reabsorbs sodium
kidneys
really high sodium or really low sodium can affect
brain function
hypo- hyper natremia
low or high sodium
whatever sodium does
chloride does
normal range for potassium
3.5- 5
what type of electrolyte is potassium
intracellular, and involves the movement of muscle and cardiac contraction
what do you never do with potassium
push it through a iv
what does kidneys do to potassium
eliminates
hypo or hyper kalemia
low or high potassium
calcium normal range
8.5- 10.5
what does calcium do
bone health and nerve conduction
where is 99% of calcium found
bones and teeth
insufficiency of calcium leads to
osteoporosis
hypo or hyper calcemia
low or high calcium
normal range for magnesium
1.7- 2.2
magnesium is
intracellular- bones, and helps with cell functions
what mainly leads to low levels of magnesium
alcoholism
hypo or hyper magnesmia
low or high magnesium
normal range for phosphurus
2.5- 4.5
what type of electrolyte is phosphurus
intracellular and a anion
if your phosphate is high, what is low?
calcium
hypo or hyper phosphatemia
low or high phosphurus
biocarbonate
icf and ecf, acid base balance
What is bicarbonate regulated by
kidneys
bicarbonate acts as
buffer to neutralize acids in the body
acids
contains hydrogen h+
basde
compound that accepts hydrogen
amounts of acid and base give us
PH
ph can be
acidotic or alkalotic
if your ph is alkalotic you
need more hydrogen
if your ph is acidotic
you have too much hydrogen
normal ph
7.35-7.45
acidotic pH
is under 7.35
alkalotic ph
is over 7.45
how is ph measured
ABGs
acid base regulations
buffer systems
respiratory mechanisms lungs
renal mechanisms kidneys
deficit fluid volume
hypovolemia
what does hypovolemia lead to
dry skin, dry mucous membranes
skin turgor
decreased urine, blood pressure
increased heart rate, and temperature
Fluid Volume Excess
hypervolemia
signs of hypervolemia
elevated blood pressure, bounding pulse
pale, cool skin
edema, ascites
crackles
s3 sound of heart is indication of
fluid overload
On the assessment of a patient with acute renal failure, the nurse finds the following: distended neck veins, cool and pale skin, and crackles in the lungs. The nurse should suspect the patient is experiencing
hypervolemia
isotonic
equal balance
hypotonic
less stuff
hypertonic
more stuff