PSY311 Exam 1 NCSU Meade

Hindsight Bias

exaggerate what you could have predicted after knowing the outcome.

Diffusion of responsibility

Latane and Darley 1968

More likely to help if less bystanders

Observational method

observe people and record measurements and impressions of behavior

Ethnography

research from the inside without imposing preconceived notions

Interjudge (interrater) reliability

level of agreement between two or more people who independently observe a set of data

Archival Analysis

observational method which examines accumulated documents

Limits of Observational method

behavior can be difficult to observe (private situations)

all information may not be included

Need to predict and explain

Correlational Method

Two or more variable re systematically measured and the measure between them

Positive correlation

increase in both

Negative correlation

increase in one while decrease in another

Correlational coefficient range

-1 to +1

Perfect correlational coefficient

-1 or +1

No correlation coefficient

0

Surveys

representative sample of people asked questions about attitudes or behavior

Survey advantages

judge relationship of non-observed activities

ability to sample representative groups

Survey problems

accuracy of responses

Correlation does not equal ________

Causation

Experimental method

change variables to measure causal effect on people

Latane and Darley (1970)

number of bystanders during seizure directly caused helping behaviors

Mundane Realism

Extent that experiment is similar to real-life situations

psychological realism

psychological process in experiment similar to everyday life

Meta-Analysis

averages results of two or more studies to see if effect is reliable

Field experiments are high in what?

External validity

Social cognition

how people think about themselves and the world as well as the way people use social information to make decisions

Quick and automatic social cognition

not deliberate

ones own perceptions and assumptions

Controlled thinking

effortful and deliberate

carefully selecting course of action.

Low-effort thinking

quick conclusions are often correct

ex: party vs. classroom

Automatic thinking uses ______

schemas

Schema

mental structures that organize knowledge on the social world around themes or subjects

Schemas when applied to a specific group of people are called _________

stereotypes

Schemas reduce _________

ambiguity

Schemas also help people in memory by

filling in the blanks

Accessiblity

extent where schemas are in forefront of mind and likely to be used

Priming

process where experiences increase accessibility to schema/trait/concept

Reasons things become accessible

1) chronically accessible due to experience (constantly active)

2) related to current goal

3) temporarily accessible because of recent experience.

Schemas can be _______ but still _______

discredited, persist

Self-fulfilling prophecy

1) expect person to act certain way

2) influence how they act towards person

3) cause person to be consistent with original expectations

behavioral confirmation

acting in a way to make your belief true

Judgemental Heuristics

mental shortcuts to make judgements

Heuristics are often _________ and do not guarantee people will _______

misapplied, make accurate inferences

vividness

things coming to mind easier estimated to be more common

Availability heuristic

judgement based on how easy something can be brought to mind

Representative heuristic

mental shortcut where people classify something to how similar it is to normal

anchoring and adjustment heuristic

use value as starting point and adjust insufficiently from anchor

Adjustment heuristic are based off of ________________

arbitrary values

counterfactual reasoning

change aspect of the past to image what might have been

rumination

repetitive focus on negative things in their life

counterfactual reasoning can result in _____________

rumination

Thought suppression

attempt to avoid thinking about something we prefer to foget

Thought suppression uses an ___________ and ______________ process

operating . monitoring

overconfidence barrier

too much confidence in judgements

social perception

how we form impression and make inferences about others

we rely on _________ and __________ hoping they will lead to accurate and useful conclusions

impressions , personal theories

nonverbal communication

communication (intentional or not) without words

Nonverbal cues include

facial expressions, tone, gestures, body position, touch, gaze

6 universal facial expressions

anger, happiness, fear, surprise, disgust, sadness

Affect blends

mix of multiple emotions in face

display rules

dictate what kinds of emotional expressions people show in different cultures

Emblems

nonverbal gestures that have well understood definitions in specific culture.

Implicit personality theory

schemas people use to group personality traits together.

Strong implicit theory

"what is beautiful is good"

attribution theory

we try to determine why people act to uncover fellings and traits behind actions

internal attribution

behaving certain way because it is part of their personality

external attribution

inference that person behaving way because of situation

correspondence bias (social attribution error)

tendency to believe peoples behavior matches dispositions

covariation model

kelleys model

form attribution by noting presence or absence of causal factors and if behavior occurs

covariation model includes

consensus

distinctiveness

consistency

consensus information

extent in which others act the same way

distinctive information

extent in which behave to different stimuli

consistency informatino

extent where behavior is consistent across circumstances

external is most likely _____ in distinctiveness and _____ in consensus

high, low

internal attribution is most likely _____ in distinctiveness and _____ in consensus

low, low

perceptual salience

importance of information that is the focus of attention

two step process

1) internal attribution

2) attempt to adjust attribution by considering situation

collectivist cultures are more likely to rely on _______________

situational explanations

actor-observer difference

tend to see people behavior as dispositionally caused and our own as situationally caused.

self serving attributions

explanation for success as internal factors and failures as siuationlal

defensive attributions

explanation avoiding fellings of vulnerability and mortality.

why do we make self-serving attributions?

1) maintain self-esteem

2) want other to think well of us

3) we know more about ourselves than other do

belief in a just world

people get what they deserve