Living Earth 1st Semester Final

scientific method abbreviation

C: Claim, E: Evidence, R: Reasoning

independent variable

variable that is being manipulated

dependent variable

variable that will be the result

how many independent variable should you have?

only one

control variable

variable that is kept constant through all different groups

example of a control variable (think experiment where you are seeing the effect of amount of sunlight on plant growth)

length of time, plant type, nutrients in soil, amount of carbon dioxide, water, temperature, anything except amount of sunlight or plant growth

hierarchy of life from most basic to more complex

atom, molecule, cell organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population (species), community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

characteristics of life

cellular organization, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, heredity, response to stimuli, growth and development, and adaptation through evolution

property of water (think acidic and basic compounds)

release H+ (hydrogen ions) when in contact with acid, think OH- (hydroxide ions) when in contact with basic compound

property of water (think polarity)

the oxygen is slightly negative, hydrogen is slightly positive

property of water (think bonds)

can form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules

what is cohesion

when molecules of same substance are attracted to each other (water)

why is cohesion important?

plants use cohesion to pull water up like a chain and cohesion makes surface tension so water won't evaporate

what is adhesion

when molecules of different substance are attracted to each other (water and inside of plant stem)

why is adhesion important

plants use adhesion to keep "water chain" in place

composition of carbohydrates (INCLUDING atom ratio)

1 oxygen, 2 hydrogen, 1 carbon

composition of proteins (atoms)

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen

composition of lipids (atoms)

carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

composition of nucleic acids (atoms)

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

monomer of carbohydrate

monosaccharide

Monosaccharide examples

glucose, fructose, galactoseq

polymer of carbohydrate

polysaccharide

Polysaccharide examples

starch, cellulose, glycogen

monomers of proteins

amino acids

polymers of amino acids (proteins)

polypeptide

difference between protein and polypeptide

proteins are like an organized version of polypeptide

monomers of lipids example

glycerol and fatty acids

polymers of lipids example

steroids, triglyceride, phospholipids, waxes

monomers of nucleic acids

nucleotides

polymers of nucleic acids

polynucleotides (DNA and RNA)

examples of carbohydrates

bread, noodles, pastas, crackers, sugars and starches

example of proteins

enzymes, hemoglobin, antibodies

examples of lipids

phospholipids, waxes, and steroids

examples of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA, ATP

purpose of carbohydrates

to provide short term energy

purpose of proteins

control cell processes, form cell structures, speed up or slow down reactions

purpose of nucleic acids

information storage, provide energy (ATP)

organization level of protein from most basic to least basic (amino acid to...)

amino acid, primary structure (polypeptide chain), secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure

what is secondary strructure?

helix or pleated sheets

what is tertiary structure

complete 3d folding pattern

what is quaternary structure

multiple different tertiary structures together

what is dehydration synthesis

remove H2O to join two molecules

what is hydrolysis

add H2O to separate molecules

active site

where substrate binds onto enzyme

substrate

thing gets modified by enzyme

product

result of enzyme and substrate

factors that affect enzyme activity

acidity, temperature, and inhibitors

osmosis

diffusion of water through SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE membrane

diffusion

diffusion of content throughout a space

hypotonic solution

concentration of solute is less than surrounding area

hypertonic solution

concentration of solute is higher than surrounding area

isotonic solution

concentration of solute is equal to surrounding area

passive transport

pass through cell membrane or protein channel based off concentration

active transport

protein pumps move matter against gradient

endocytosis

taking content in

phagocytosis

taking solid content in

pinocytosis

taking liquid content in

exocytosis

expelling content

phospholipid (in context of cell membrane)

makes up most of cell membrane, helps protects interior of cell

Glycoprotein function

cell communication and recognition

glycolipid function

cell recognition

cholesterol function (in context of cell membrane)

to help space out phospholipids and maintain membrane shape

peripheral proteins

proteins on but not embedded into cell membrane

integral protein

proteins that are embedded into cell membrane

channel protein

protein that participates in facilitated diffusion

factors of rate of diffusion

concentration gradient, temperature, surface area, membrane permeablity

best cell shape is what?

sphere/spherical shape

prokaryotic cell

lacks nucleus

eukaryotic cell

has nucleus

prokaryote organisms are usually

unicellular organisms

eukaryote organisms are usually

multicellular organisms

what organelles do eukaryotes have but not prokaryotes?

membrane bound organelles

equation of photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6h12O6 + 6O2

adenosine diphosphate (real life metaphor)

used battery

adenosine triphosphate (real life metaphor)

charged battery

how is ADP turned into ATP?

extra phosphate is added

component of ATP

triphosphate group, adenine, and ribose sugar

how does ATP release energy?

by breaking off one phosphate

granum

stack of thylakoids

stroma

surrounds granum/thylakoids

lumen

inside of thylakoid

name of two reactions in chloroplast

light-dependent reactions and calvin cycle

what does NADP+ carry?

2 high energy electrons and one H+ ion

what does NADP+ turn into

NADPH

first step of light dependent reaction

PSII

what does PSII do and make

splits water using light to make 4 H+ ions, 2 O2, and energized electrons

second step of light-dependent reactions

electrons from PSII are used by hydrogen ion pumps

hydrogen ion pumps pump H+ from where to where?

from stroma to inner thylakoid space

third step of light-dependent reactions

photosystem I

what does photosystem I do and make

charges depleted electrons and forms 2 NADPH

final step of light-dependent reactions

H+ ions pass from inner thylakoid space through ATP synthase to stroma to make ATP

what happens to the 3 carbon molecules in second step of calvin cycle

two of them are removed to produce other compounds

what happens to the remaining 10 3 carbon molecules

converted back to six 5-carbon molecules using 6 ATP

factors that affect photosynthesis

temperature, intensity of light, and water

first step of cellular respiration

glycolysis

second step of cellular respiration

Kreb's Cycle

final step of cellular respiration

electron transport chain

what does glycolysis take in

glucose and 2 ATP

what does glycolysis produce

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH

what is pyruvic acid

3 carbon compound