Anatomy Unit 3 Review

Periosteum

a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints

articulated cartilage

smooth, white, living tissue that covers the ends of bones in joints, allowing bones to glide over each other with minimal friction

diaphysis

shaft of bone that provides structural support and houses bone marrow.

epiphysis

head of bone that articulates with other bones at joints, containing spongy bone and red marrow.

fontanelle

soft spots in a newborn’s skull that allow the Braine and skull to grow during the first year of life

each type of bone cells

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes

osteoblasts function

bone forming

osteoclasts function

bone destroying o

osteocytes function

mature bone cells

where is spongy bone found

inside of bones, mainly in ends, holds bone marrow

where is compact bone found

outside of bones, makes them hard and strong

what is marrow for/what are the types

red makes red blood cells and yellow marrow stores fat

what is the purpose of processes

attachment points for muscles, ligaments, and tendons, allows for movement

what are the types of vertebrae/how many of each do you have

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacrum (fused), 4 coccyx (fused)

what do we call the C1 and C2 vertebrae?

C1 is the atlas, C2 is the axis

functions of bone

suport, locomotioin, protection, storage, hematopoiesis

what are the different categories of the skeleton

axial and appendicular

what is in the axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column, rib cage

what is in the appendicular skeleton?

arms, legs, shoulders, pelvis

how many phalanges are in the body?

56

what are the different classifications of bones

long, short, flat, irregular

long bone example

femur, humerus

short bone example

carpals, tarsals

flat bone examples

skull, ribs, scapula

irregular bone example

vertebrae

endochondral ossification

bones form from cartilage, as bone grows the cartilage is gradually replaced

intramembranous ossification

bones form from connective tissue in flat bones like the skull, osteoblasts develop and form bones

different types of fractures

comminuted, compression, depressed, impacted, spiral, greenstick

comminuted fracture

bone breaks into many fragments, common in brittle bones in older people

compression

bone is crushed, common in porous bones

depressed

broken bone portion is pressed inward, typical of skull fractures i

impacted

broken bone ends are forced into each other, occurs when one attempts to break a fall with outstretched arms

spiral

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone, common sports fracture

greenstick

bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks, common in children whose bones are more flexible than adults

describe the healing process of a bone

hematoma formation to fibrocartilage callus formation to bony callus formation to bone remodeling