lecture recording on 26 February 2025 at 14.21.27 PM

ER signal sequence

A portion of a protein's amino acid sequence that directs it to the rough endoplasmic reticulum for processing.

Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)

A protein that binds to the ER signal sequence on a nascent protein to facilitate its entry into the endoplasmic reticulum.

Translocon

The channel protein in the endoplasmic reticulum that allows the translocation of polypeptides into the ER lumen.

Cisternae

Flattened membrane-bound compartments found in the Golgi apparatus that are involved in the processing and sorting of proteins.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A cellular process by which cells internalize molecules (such as nutrients) using specific transmembrane receptors.

Phagocytosis

The process by which certain cells engulf large particles or microorganisms, forming a phagosome.

Autophagy

A cellular process that degrades damaged or unnecessary cellular components by enclosing them in autophagosomes and delivering them to lysosomes for breakdown.

Actin filaments (microfilaments)

The smallest components of the cytoskeleton, involved in cell shape, structure, and movement.

Intermediate filaments

Cytoskeletal components that provide structural support and resilience to cells, with a diameter between actin filaments and microtubules.

Microtubules

The largest cytoskeletal fibers, hollow tubes essential for vesicle transport and cell division

Myosin

A motor protein that interacts with actin filaments to facilitate muscle contraction and cell movement.

Acid hydrolases

Enzymes found in lysosomes that break down various biomolecules, such as proteins and polysaccharides.

Golgi apparatus

An organelle involved in the modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Lysosome

An organelle that contains digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.

Vesicle

A small membrane-bound sac that transports substances within or outside of a cell.

Cargo

Molecules or materials that are packed and transported by vesicles in cellular processes.

Chaperones

Proteins that assist in the proper folding and assembly of other proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum.

Oligosaccharides

Short chains of monosaccharides that are attached to proteins or lipids and play roles in cell signaling and recognition.