CPII Review

Standard precaution

A strict set of practices designed to prevent the spread of infections.

Importance of standard precaution

Reduces the risk of transmitting infectious diseases, protecting both healthcare workers and patients

When is standard precaution used

At all times, in all healthcare settings for both workers and patients.

Federal agency responsible for public health and safety in the US

The CDC

Goals of surgical asepsis and sterilization

To prevent surgical site infections

Difference between medical and surgical asepsis

Medical asepsis: Destroys microorganisms after they leave the body
Surgical asepsis: Destroys microorganisms before they enter the body

Purpose of autoclave

To sterilize equipment, killing harmful microorganisms like bacteria, virus, fungi

Chain of infection

The steps required for an infectious disease to spread from one person to another.
Agent → Reservoir → Portal of exit → Mode of transmission → Portal of entry → Susceptible host

How do you break the chain of infection

Handwashing

Different types of pathogens

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths

Good host for pathogens

Immunocompromised, children, infants, elderly, non immunized patients

Proper cleaning instruments

Sterilization

Proper cleaning of surfaces

Disinfecting

Proper cleaning of body parts

Sanitizing

CLIA

Clinical laboratory improvement act

Who oversees or governs offices in relation to CLIA

CMS

CMS

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid services: Federal agency in the Department of Health and Human Services that runs Medicare, Medicaid, clinical laboratories

Tests related to CLIA

Rapid strep test, urine dipstick, FOB, pregnancy test, covid, blood glucose, influenza

Federal agency that protects workers

OSHA

What do results of urinalysis tell about the body

An infection, kidney problems, diabetes

Purpose of performing an EKG/ECG

Measures the electrical activity of the heat, assessing the heart's rhythm, rate, and electrical conduction. This allows the detection of arrhythmias, heart attacks and other heart problems.

Proper way to attach EKG electrodes

1. Cleanse the skin, shave hair if necessary.

2. Place the electrodes in the correct locations

3. 4 limb lead placement: Right arm (RA), Left arm (LA). Right leg (RL), Left leg (LL)
   Precordial lead placement: V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6

V1

Fourth intercostal space, right sternal border (right side of the sternum)

V2

Fourth intercostal space, left sternal border (left of the sternum)

V3

Between V2 and V4

V4

Fifth intercostal space, aligned with the nipple (midline between the collarbone and nipple)

V5

Fifth intercostal space, anterior axillary line (in front of the armpit, between V4 and V6)

V6

Fifth intercostal space, midaxillary line (middle of the armpit)

Black and Red electrodes

Black: left arm
Red: left leg

Proper setup and assist of a pelvic exam

Undress below the waist, lie on exam table feet in stirrups or footrests, knees slightly bent.

Tools used for pelvic exam

barrier, vaginal speculum, lubricant, occult blood fecal slide, cervical spatula or brush, specimen slide, liquid fixative, nonsterile gloves, gown, drape

Purpose of performing catheterization

To drain urine from the bladder when a person is unable to do so on their own.

Proper setup and insertion of a catheterization

Cleanse the area, lubricate the tube. Insert catheter into urethra until urine flows. Inflate balloon (if foley) and use specimen container to obtain urine

Labels of vaccine tell us

The name of the drug, dosage, diluent, route of administration, storage temp, expiration date, when it was opened, contraindication, adverse reactions, precautions.

What should you pay close attention to before administering a vaccine

The 7 rights: Right patient, right time, right dose, right route, right drug, right technique, right documentation.

Importance of patient transfers

Ensure safety, comfort and specialized care.

Proper way to perform a patient transfer

1.Position yourself correctly (standing close to the patient)
2.Use proper body mechanics (bending your knees, keeping your back straight, use core muscles)
3.Use gait belt (if applicable)
4.Move slowly and smoothly, avoid sudden movements
5.Maintain communication, communicate with patient throughout the transfer to make sure they're comfortable and safe
6.End transfer, make sure patient is seated or positioned safely

Normal temperature in Fahrenheit

98.6 F

Normal temperature in Celcius

37 C

Oral (mouth) normal temperature

98.6 F / 37.0 C

Axillary (armpit) temperatures

97.6 F / 36.4 C

Rectal (behind) normal temperature

99.6 / 37.6 C

Tympanic/Temporal (ear/forehead) normal temperature

98.6 F / 37.0 C

Normal pulse range for adults

60-100

Normal pulse range for children

80-100

Normal pulse range for infants

Over 100 bpm

Where do you find pulse rate?

Temporal, carotid, apical, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis

How do you find pulse rate?

Palpate the radial artery with fingers on the inner aspect of the wrist.
Do not use thumb
Count the number of beats per minute.

Normal respirations rate

12-20

What is used to take BP?

Stethoscope (to hear BP)
Sphygmomanometer (BP cuff)

Where is the cuff placed?

Above the antecubital space with the arrow on the cuff pointing at the brachial artery.

How to take BP

Clean stethoscope earpieces and diaphragm off with alcohol wipe.
Place cuff above antecubital space, arrow pointing at brachial artery.
Close valve
Place diaphragm of the stethoscope over the brachial artery and inflate cuff 20 mmHg higher than 120

Supine

Laying flat on the back
Used for auscultation of abdominal sounds, palpation of thoracic and abdominal regions.

Prone

Laying flat on the stomach
Used for examination of the back, vertebrae and any skin lesions.

Dorsal recumbent

Laying flat on the back with knees and soles of feet flat.
Used for examination of vaginal and rectal areas, insertions of straight and foley catheters.

Sims

Laying on the left side with the left shoulder behind the patient. The patient's right hip and knees are bent.
Used for examination of the rectum and vagina, enemas, rectal temperatures and flexible sigmoidoscopy

Semi fowlers

Laying flat on the back with head raised at 45 degree angle
Used for patient with respiratory issues

Full fowlers

Head of table raised to 90 degree angle
Used for patient who cant sit back due to injures or difficulty breathing

Lithotomy

Laying flat on the back with the legs raised and knees bent, feet in stirrups.
Used for examination of genital and anal area areas, pap smears and gynecological examinations.

White and Green electrodes

White: right arm

Green: right leg

Most common respiratory infection

influenza