Princeton Quiz 2.1-2.3 PREVIOUS QUESTIONS

After the Civil War, newly liberated slaves became known by what name?

freedmen

Generally speaking, Reconstruction happened in the years from _______ to ________.

1865 to 1877

Lincoln’s goal was to punish the South.  True or False

False

Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction was called the “______% Plan.”

10% Plan

Which amendment emancipated the slaves?

13th Amendment

When a president ignores a congressional bill during the last 10 days of a congressional session, it results in a __________ veto.

pocket veto

Who succeeded Lincoln as president of the U.S.?

Andrew Johnson

Johnson refused to pardon any of the southern elite.  True or False

False

Which amendment addressed the issue of citizenship for former slaves, and also sought to limit the effects of the “black codes” and prohibited former Confederates from holding political office? _____ Amendment

14th Amendment

Southerners who cooperated with Reconstruction programs were called by what name?

Scalawags

President Johnson’s plan did not require that southern states enfranchise blacks by giving them the vote.  Instead, it was the Military Reconstruction Act that forced states to give Black people the right to vote for convention delegates.  True or False

True

Which amendment required states to enfranchise Black men? (give them the right to vote) ______ Amendment

15th Amendment

Northerners who ran Reconstruction programs in the South were called by what name?

Carpetbaggers

The late 1800’s are known as the Gilded Age because there was a lot of corruption and tarnish underneath a bright, shiny exterior for America.  Which president’s administration marked the beginning of “The Gilded Age” and was plagued by a series of scandals, including Black Friday & Credit Mobilier? ___________________________ (last name only)

Grant

Two groups led a “war of intimidation” against Reconstruction efforts (including murder); these groups included the “White League” and the _____________.

Klu Klux Klan

Which series of acts allowed Grant to send federal troops to oppose the KKK and limit the KKK’s violence? ________________________.

Enforcement Acts

The Slaughter-House Cases ruled that the 14^th Amendment applied only to the Federal Government, NOT state governments.  Which Supreme Court case strengthened that argument? (hint:  U.S. vs. C________)

US vs. Cruikshank

Which Supreme Court case cleared the way for poll taxes and voti

ng restrictions, which made it difficult for blacks to vote? (U.S. vs. R_____) 

US vs Reese

Which 1872 Act pardoned many rebels?

Amnesty Act

Southern Democrats who regained control of southern legislatures were known as R___________________, and intended to reverse Republican policies after Reconstruction was over.       

redeemers

Who was the most notorious political boss of the Gilded Age? Boss ______________. 

Tweed

The Compromise of 1877 allowed which candidate to win the election of 1876?

Rutherford B. Hayes

Name ONE school established by the Freedmen’s Bureau.

Fisk University

A longer workday was one of the benefits of what Thomas Edison invention?

Lightbulb

The “age of invention” refers to what time period in U.S. History? (generally speaking)

19th century

“Mass production” created new economic growth; what was the nickname for the men who controlled the new manufacturing enterprises?

captains of the industry

The men in question #3 were also known as __________ (by their critics).

robber barons

What is the term that means “the cheaper the product, the more they sold.”  ____________ of scale.

economies of sale

What type of job, or process, required workers to perform a single task over and over?

Assembly Line Production

Which Eli Whitney “development” was utilized heavily in Ford’s production plants? ___________________ parts.

interchangeable parts

Courts in the late 1800’s – especially the Supreme Court – were primarily pro-labor and anti-business.   True or False

False

A lack of government control over this widespread production created a great deal of corruption among businessmen and those who were responsible for regulating business.  With this lack of regulation, businesses grew larger and larger, an idea known as  “_______consolidation.”

corporate consolidation

When “holding companies” controlled all aspects of an entire industry, it was known as having a ____________________, or complete control of an entire industry.

monopoly

When a business sought to create a monopoly WITHIN a particular industry (control a single business process industry-wide), it was known as “__________________ integration.”

horizontal

Which man created Standard Oil Company?  _________________________. (last name okay)

Rockefeller

When a company owns all factors of production, from raw materials to finished product, it is known as ________________________________ (but other companies in the same industry may still compete).

vertical integration

In the last quarter of the 19th century, the U.S. endured one major _________________________________ per decade. (two word answer)

financial panic

Which socioeconomic group of people suffered the most during the economic ups and downs of the late 1800s?    The ________________  _________________.

lower classes

Eventually, the government decided to do a better job of regulating big business.  What was the 1890 Act that congress passed in order to do so?

Sherman Antitrust Act

Loopholes in that 1890 act were closed with the passage of the _________________________ of 1914.

Clayton Antitrust Act

Which industrialist developed a work philosophy based on the work of Charles Darwin? ___________.

Carnegie

His theory that only the “fittest” should survive in business, and that it was the “natural order of things,” was known as ___________________   ___________________?

Social Darwinism

What words describe the belief that the concentration of money among a few was the natural and most efficient result of capitalism BUT THAT GREAT WEALTH brought social responsibility.     _______________.

Gospel of Wealth

The Gospel of Wealth suggested that philanthropy was good for museums & libraries, but not for C___________________.

charity

In cities, employers hired women and children, but also newly arrived _____________________ who were anxious for work

immigrants

List a couple of words that describe conditions in industrial cities in the late 1800s: ______________________ & ___________________

crime, disease

Advances in m_______________   t___________________ allowed the middle classes to move to the suburbs and commute to work.

mass transportation

Starting around 1880, most immigrants to America came from what two parts of Europe? __________________   &   ______________________ (geographically speaking)

Southern and Eastern

Most immigrants settled in what kind of neighborhoods? ________________.

ethnic neighborhoods

What two minorities were hired for the worst jobs?  ____________ & _______________.

black and latino workers

Corrupt men in city government provided many services (housing, jobs, parks, etc.) to city-dwellers in exchange for votes.  What were these men called? P_______________B________________

political bosses

Who ran the "political machine" in New York City that was known as Tammany Hall? _______________________________________.

“Boss” Tweed

4. Which famous American cartoonist drew cartoons about the corruption in Tammany Hall? _______________________.

Nast

What types of groups were formed in order to make the treatment of factory workers less miserable?  L________________U___________________.

Labor Unions

Uriah Stephens founded one of the first labor unions in America, which was the __________________of_______________________.

Knights of Labor

What 1886 labor demonstration reinforced the public’s belief that unions were subversive?     _____________________.

Haymarket Square Riot

Carnegie's "Homestead Steel Works" was the site of a massive strike and a battle between private Pinkerton Detectives and the strikers.  Eventually, which factory manager replaced ALL of the workers? Henry __________________.

Frick

Who was the president of the American Railway Union, which joined a strike against the PULLMAN PALACE CAR company? ________________________________  He later became an active socialist.

Eugene V. Debs

Who was the leader of the American Federation of Labor? ______________________________________ (last name)

Samuel Gompers

Urban reformers (usually women) began to organize community centers in poor neighborhoods; what were these centers called?     __________________________

settlement houses

What woman founded Hull House in Chicago (to provide services for immigrants, child care for working mothers, etc.)?   _____________________________

Jane Addams

Who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her work in cities, slums, etc.? _______________(last name okay)

Jane Addams

What two men were primarily responsible for the growth of the newspaper industry? __________________ & _______________ last names okay

Pulitzer and Hearst

Sensationalism in newspapers (bold headlines and scandalous stories) became known as what type of journalism? _________________________________.

yellow journalism

Most advances in the machine age affected cities in which part of the United States? ______________________.

north

What is the term used to describe the system of farming someone else’s land, then promising a portion of their crops as collateral? _________________________________ (NOT the crop lien system)

sharecropping

The arrangement in question #2 was designed to keep poor people in constant ___________.

debt

What was another name for discriminatory laws passed in the South that failed to protect blacks from discrimination (in regards to private businesses)? ________________________________.

Jim Crow Laws

Which Supreme Court case upheld “separate but equal” laws? ______________________________.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Booker T. Washington did not expect racial equality to happen quickly; however, he promoted _______________________ independence as a way for blacks “to improve their lot.”

economic independence

What was the name of Booker T. Washington’s more militant rival, who also accused Washington of being an accommodationist and who called Washington’s speech the “Atlanta Compromise?”

W.E.B.  ___________________

Du Bois

1. What were the two main growing industries in the West? 

______________________ & ______________________.

ranching and mining

The arrival of the railroad changed the West in many ways.  Generally speaking, who owned the railroads?_________________________________

private investors

The railroads were built primarily at whose expense? ________________________.

public

Which army general suffered a massive defeat to the Indians at Little Big Horn?

General George ___________________.

Custer

In 1893, which American historian pronounced that the American frontier was gone?

__________________________________.

Frederick Jackson Turner

What Act provided government funds for agricultural colleges?

_______________________________.

Morrill Land-Grant Act

Initially, how many acres did The Homestead Act provide to settlers who were willing to cultivate and live on the land for five years? ____ Acres

160

Name ONE thing farmers had to agree to do in order to receive land grants out West:  Irrigate the land OR ____________________________________.

plant trees

John Muir created which organization that was dedicated to conservation in the U.S. 

(circa 1871)?  _______________________.

Sierra Club

List ONE reason why the Native American  “Reservation” system failed:

inferiority of the land

Which ACT broke up reservations and allotted 150 acres of land to each Native American head-of-family to solve the “Indian Problem?

Dawes Severalty Act

For how many years did families have to live on that land (question above) before it was legally their? _______ years

5

The Ghost Dance Movement ended at what bloody battle, which killed or injured 100’s of Lakota Sioux Indians?

Wounded Knee Massacre

Which Native American “prophet’s” vision inspired the Ghost Dance Movement?

Wovoka