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48 Terms
Imperialism
The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means. It often involves the domination of one nation over another, economically, politically, and culturally.
Missionaries
Individuals who spread religious beliefs, often accompanying imperialist endeavors to promote cultural and religious assimilation.
Anti-imperialists
Opponents of imperialism who argue against the expansion of a nation's power and influence over others, often advocating for the rights and self-determination of colonized peoples.
Direct Rule
A system of governance where a central authority controls the administration of a colony or territory directly, often replacing local leaders with officials from the imperial power.
Indirect Rule
A system of governance where local rulers maintain their authority and are allowed to govern under the guidance of the imperial power, often used to control colonies with minimal direct intervention.
Protectorate
A political entity that is controlled and protected by a stronger state, allowing local rulers to maintain some authority while the protector maintains overall control.
Sphere of Influence
A region where a foreign power has exclusive rights and privileges, often in trade and investment, while allowing local governance to continue.
Hausa
A group of ethnic communities in West Africa, primarily located in northern Nigeria, known for their trading and agricultural practices.
Fulani
An ethnic group in West Africa, primarily found in Nigeria and surrounding countries, known for their nomadic pastoralism and significant influence on the region's culture and history.
Asante
A powerful empire in West Africa, located in present-day Ghana, known for its wealth, trade in gold and kola nuts, and strong military organization, particularly during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Zulu
A major ethnic group in Southern Africa, primarily located in South Africa, known for their rich cultural heritage, warrior traditions, and significant role in the region's history, especially during the 19th century.
Boers
Dutch settlers in South Africa, known for their agricultural practices and significant role in the region's history, particularly during the Great Trek and the Boer Wars.
Boer Wars
Conflicts between the British Empire and the Boer republics in South Africa, primarily occurring from 1880 to 1881 and 1899 to 1902, over control of territory and resources.
Paternalistic Government
A governing system where authorities assume a parental role, making decisions for the perceived benefit of the people, often limiting individual freedoms.
Berlin Conference
A meeting in 1884-1885 where European powers divided African territories among themselves, establishing rules for colonization and significantly impacting African sovereignty.
Racial Segregation
The enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, leading to unequal access to resources, education, and public services.
Menelik II
Emperor of Ethiopia who successfully resisted European colonization, notably defeating Italian forces at the Battle of Adwa in 1896.
Ottoman Empire
A historical empire that spanned across Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa, known for its significant cultural, political, and economic influence from the late 13th century until the early 20th century.
Safavid Empire
A Persian empire that ruled from 1501 to 1736, known for its significant cultural achievements and establishment of Twelver Shiism as the state religion.
Mughal Empire
A powerful empire in South Asia known for its rich cultural contributions, established by Babur in the early 16th century and notable for its architectural achievements, including the Taj Mahal.
Bosporus Strait
A narrow natural waterway that connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara, strategically significant for trade and military movements, particularly during the Ottoman Empire.
Dardanelles Strait
A narrow strait in Turkey that connects the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara, historically important for naval trade routes and military strategy, particularly during the Ottoman Empire.
Armenian Genocide
The systematic extermination of the Armenian population by the Ottoman Empire (Turks) during World War I, resulting in the deaths of over a million Armenians.
Genocide
The deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group, often resulting in mass killings and severe human rights violations.
Suez Canal
An artificial waterway in Egypt connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, facilitating maritime trade and significantly reducing travel time between Europe and Asia.
Persia
An ancient empire located in modern-day Iran, known for its significant cultural and political influence, and its conflicts with Greece and Rome.
Caste System
A hierarchical social structure in India that divides people into distinct groups based on occupation and social status, often determining one's role in society and interactions with others.
Sepoy
A member of the Indian troops who served under British command, particularly during the 18th and 19th centuries, often involved in the British East India Company's military operations.
Sepoy Rebellion
A significant uprising in 1857 by Indian soldiers against British rule, sparked by grievances over cultural insensitivity and military practices.
British Raj
The period of direct British rule over India from 1858 to 1947, characterized by significant political, social, and economic changes, as well as resistance movements.
Muslim League
A political organization founded in 1906 to represent the interests of Muslims in India, advocating for the establishment of a separate Muslim state, which later became Pakistan.
Balance of Trade
The difference between a country's exports and imports, indicating whether it has a trade surplus or deficit.
Opium Wars
Two conflicts between China and Western powers, primarily Britain, in the mid-19th century over trade imbalances and the opium trade, leading to significant territorial and economic concessions by China.
Extraterritoriality
The right of foreign residents in a country to live under the laws of their home nation rather than the laws of the host country, often established through treaties.
Confucianism
A philosophical and ethical system based on the teachings of Confucius, emphasizing moral integrity, social harmony, and the importance of family and respect for elders.
Open Door Policy
A diplomatic principle that allowed multiple Western powers to trade with China, ensuring that no single nation would monopolize Chinese trade.
Boxers
A group of Chinese nationalists who led an uprising against foreign influence and Christian missionary activity in China during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Boxer Rebellion
An uprising in 1900 by the "Boxers" aimed at expelling foreign influence and restoring traditional Chinese culture.
Isolationism
A foreign policy of avoiding involvement in international affairs and focusing on domestic issues.
Meiji Restoration
The political revolution in Japan from 1868 to 1912 that restored imperial rule and led to rapid modernization and industrialization.
Tributary State
A state that pays tribute to a more powerful state in exchange for protection or autonomy.
Russo-Japanese War
A conflict between Russia and Japan from 1904 to 1905, primarily over imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea, resulting in a decisive Japanese victory.
French Indo-China
A French colonial territory in Southeast Asia, consisting of modern-day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, established in the late 19th century.
Indigenous
originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native.
Penal Colony
a colony to which convicts are sent as an alternative to prison
Regionalism
loyalty to the interests of a particular region
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
Latin American nations were in deep financial trouble and could not pay their debts to European creditors. Roosevelt declared the U.S. would intervene and occupy the ports of those countries that were delinquent in paying their debts and manage the collection of customs taxes until European debts were satisfied. U.S. would act as international policemen. An addition to the Monroe Doctrine.
Panama Canal
(TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.
