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Thermochemistry
the branch of science that studies the transfer of energy during chemical reactions or phase changes
enthalpy
thermal energy content of a system at a constant pressure
calorimeter
an insulated container in which a thermometer detects the temperature change that occurs during a reaction
sensible heat
heat that produces a temperature change in a substance when applied
latent heat
heat that produces a phase change in a substance
molar enthalpy of fusion
the quantity of energy required to melt one mole of a solid to a liquid with no temperature change
molar enthalpy of vaporization
the quantity of energy required to convert a mole of a liquid at its boiling point to its vapor at the same temperature
specific heat
the amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of the substance by 1 degree celsius
enthalpy of reaction
the change in enthalpy that occurs during a reaction
thermochemical equation
a chemical equation that shows the reactants, products, and amount of energy released or absorbed
standard molar enthalpy of combustion
the energy released as heat by the complete burning of one mole of a substance at standard conditions
Hess’s law
states that the enthalpy change of a reaction equals the sum of the enthalpy changes for each step of the process
Entropy
a measure of the dispersal of energy in a system
Gibbs free energy (G)
a combination of the chang ein enthalpy and the change in entropy
second law of thermodynamics
states that natural processes tend to decrease the usable energy in the universe