A Level History Tudors Henry VII Revision

Elizabeth of York

- married in 1486 so couldn't be claimed she owed Henry the throne

- papal dispensation showed recognition

- became Queen in 1487

Usurper

- not strong claim to throne

- on the other hand he made his reign officially start 1 day before the Battle of Bosworh so Richard was seen as a traitor

Father's Side

- grandmother was Queen of England

- however grandfather was squire

Mother's Side

- descendant of Edward III but born out of wedlock

- Richard II legitmised their claim

- yet Henry VI disinherited them

Yorkshire Rebellion 1489

- needed parliamentary grant of £100,000 to aid Brittany

- not welcome as poor harvests + usually exempt from tax as they protected the Scottish border + Henry was Lancastrian

- Earl of Northumberland was murdered by malcontents after Henry refused his case

- New Earl was a minor and became Henry's ward

- offered pardons to most involved

- no tax collected in the end from here, only £27,000 altogether

Cornish Rebellion 1497

- parliamentary grant to defend against Warbeck/James

- didn't affect them

- 15,000 marched from Bodmin to London with no resistance led by Lord Audley

- Lord Daubeney fought them with 25,000 troops

- 1000 Cornish died, others fled/imprisoned

- main leaders executed with others fined

Lambert Simnel 1487

- posed as Earl of Warwick - real one was exhibited

- many nobles were declared traitors and put under house arrest just in case

- gained support from Ireland, Lovell, Earl of Lincoln and Margaret of Burgundy

- Henry offered pardons to longstanding rebels fearing they'd defect

- The Battle of Stoke - lost and became turnspit

Perkin Warbeck 1491-9

- claimed to be Richard of York

- Charles VIII supported him until Treaty of Etaples (1492)

- Magaret of Burgundy + Maximilian recognised him

- Invaded Deal in 1495 yet abandoned them and made an unsuccessful siege at Waterford

- fled to Scotland in 1496 and married James IV's cousin

- failed invasion + peace treaty with James

- Henry let him stay in court in 1497 yet he fled and tried to gain support where he failed and abandoned the forces he did have

- executed in 1499

De la Poles

- both brothers went with other Yorkists to Flanders

- in storm with Philip of Burgundy 1506 where he was handed over

- executed in 1513 by Henry VIII

Staffords

- faithful to Richard

- in sanctuary unil 1486

- tried to stir up rebellion

- Humphrey was executed and Thomas was pardoned and remained loyal

Meritocracy

- appointed based on their skills

- didn't exclude the nobility though

Humanist

Recognising value and importance of individuals

Justice of the Peace

- men from gentry as more likely to be loyal (weakened nobility)

- imposed socioeconomic statutes, dispensing justice, upholding order, rewarding informers, arresting poachers

- many unwilling to act as wanted to stay popular with locals

Order of the Garter

- 37 nobles gained this

- cost Henry nothing

- kept nobility loyal as they wanted prestigious title

1 New Earldom + 5 New Barons

Ensured new members would be loyal/nobility to stay loyal to gain titles

Uncle Jasper

- became Duke of Bedford

- showed loyalty was rewarded

Court of the Star Chamber

- only for nobility

- Henry decided verdicts

Retainers

- needed licenses for them

- nobility weren't as powerful

- Lord Burgavenny fined £70,000 for keeping it without license

Benevolences (extraordinary)

- forced loans with no repayment

- highlighted disloyal nobility

Act of Attainders

Reached 51 in 1509 causing disquiet

Bonds/Recognisances (extraordinary)

- bonds=person would pay if they weren't loyal

- recognisances=acknowledgement of debt that they would have to pay if they were disloyal

- 36 out of 62 nobles were involved

Exchequer 1485-7

- collect revenue from crown land, taxes and customs

- had own officials

- accurate and subjects knew where they were with it

- slow

- dealt with finances recorded on paper

- only collected 1/2 of what Richard did

Chamber 1487 onwards

- dealt with all income but customs duties

- Henry had direct control

- ready supply of cash if needed

- faster

- increased the importance of the Treasurer of the Chamber & Gentlemen of the Bedchamber=more would stay loyal to gain more prestigious titles

Crown Lands (ordinary)

- most important source of revenue

- greatly increased through various acts

- didn't give a lot to followers

- amount was x5 by the end of his reign than the 1450s

Act of Resumption 1486

- land given out by Richard III would be taken back

- wasn't enforced ensuring loyalty

Escheats

Payments made when land reversed to Crown if noble died without an heir

Customs Duties (ordinary)

- paid for english defences

- some would smuggle to avoid tax

- prerogative duties on exports of textiles and some imports

- tonnage (wine) and poundage

- subsidy on wool exports

- only collected £40,000 compared to Edward IV who collected £70,000

Profits of Justice (ordinary)

- fees paid for royal writs (no court action could start without them)

- fines levied by courts

- accused of corrupt legal system - e.g. fined criminals where they should have had the death penalty

Fifteenth and Tenth (extraordinary)

- used for parliamentary grants

- basic tax

- 1/15 of goods in rural areas and 1/10 in urban

Loans (extraordinary)

- in times of emergency

- repaid them all

Clerical Taxes (extraordinary)

- simony=selling of church appointments, e.g. Bishop of Winchester was £300

- vacant bishoprics=kept vacant so he would receive the revenue

French Pension (extraordinary)

- part of Treaty of Etaples (1492)

- £159,000 altogether

- £5000 annually

- 5% of income

Wardship (feudal obligation)

Controlled his wards land and received profits from them

Livery (feudal obligation)

Fee to recover lands from wardship

Relief (feudal obligations)

Money paid as land was inherited

Marriage Dues (feudal obligation)

For heiresses

Feudal Aid (feudal obligations)

- for special occasions

- e.g. Arthur's knighting

Distrait of Knighthood (feudal obligations)

If they owned £40< they had to be a knight or pay not to be a knight

Brittany Crisis 1487-92

- problematic=Henry was exiled there, France would gain complete of Southern shore of Channel, France financed Bosworth, signed a peace treaty with France lasting until 1499

- Anne of Beaujeau became ward of France after Duke of Francis (father) dies in 1488

- signed a couple of treaties

- Maximilian marries Anne of Brittany by proxy in 1491 but Anne's forced to marry Charles

- ended with Treaty of Etaples

Treaty of Redon 1489

Agreed to send 6000 troops to defend Brittany with Anne paying for it and agreeing not to marry/form alliances in the meantime

Treaty of Medina del Campo 1489

- Spain agreed to go to war with France if Henry did

- Spain withdrew troops to fight Moors=unreliable

- resolved Navigation Acts problem

- marriage between Arthur and Catherine

- free trade

- Spain wouldn't help rebels

- Henry didn't sign until 1496 despite Spain ratifying it immediately

- H.R.E. added in 1490

Treaty of Etaples 1492

- Charles wouldn't help imposters

- French pension renewed from Treaty of Picquigny in 1475

- France would pay for expenses of Henry aiding Brittany

- Henry removed all troops

- Brittany was lost to France

Navigation Acts 1485-6

- limited foreign control of English trade

- tried to limit the Baltic Hanseatic League which dominated trade

- Spain retaliated and forbade the export of goods from Spain in foreign ships

Castilian Succession Crisis

- Isabelle died in 1504

- alliance with Netherlands collapsed

- Joanna inherited Castile and married Philip of Burgundy, heir to H.R.E.

- yet she was mentally unstable so Philip effectively took control, angering Ferdinand

Treaty of Blois 1505

- between France and Ferdinand

- Philip went to Castile but got shipwrecked in England and died the following year

Marriage to Catherine

- married to Arthur in 1501 but he dies a year later

- tries to persuade Fedinand to marry her to Henry, he refuses

- Henry gained papal dispensation and married them in 1503 although Catherine didnt agree and Henry kept the dowry

Trade with Burgundy

- major export markets

- War of Roses diminished trade

- limited from 1493-6 when trade was blocked as they supported Warbeck

Intercursus Magnus 1496

- free trade anywhere in Philip's lands but Flanders

- ends embargo

- english traders would receive impartial justice in local courts, this wasn't enforced

- Philip wanted English support against France as they were trying to swallow them up

Treaty of Windsor/Intercursus Malus 1506

- exhorted out of Philip when he was shipwrecked

- terms never implemented as he died the following year

- Spain/France/Netherlands rejected them causing Henry to be isolated

League of Venice

- originally established in 1495

- set up by Italian states to resist French invasion

- excluded Henry until 1496 as it wasn't in his interest - yet saved him from wasting money on war where he wouldn't get a lot out of it

- renamed the Holy League

League of Cambrai 1508

- excluded Henry after Intercursus Malus

- bad because isolated

- good because it excluded him from expensive war where little would have been gained

Scotland Relations

- James IV was a minor in 1488 when he came to the throne and regents wanted to renew the Auld Alliance - overthrew them in 1492

- when he came of age he wanted war so supported Warbeck in 1495

Treaty of Ayton 1497

- James didn't abandon France

- married Margaret to James in 1503

- no conflict for the rest of his reign

- Warbeck had to flee

'Perpetual Peace' 1502

- unsuccessful

- James expanded his navy

- border skirmishes continued

Trade with Denmark/Norway

Treaties signed in 1489/90 were a failure as Hanse's position was restored and Henry was scared they'd support Yorkist rebels so didn't enforce it