Engineering Materials (EMAT) Practice Flashcards

These flashcards cover the fundamental principles of Engineering Materials (EMAT), including metallurgy, atomic structures, bonding, material classification, and marine-specific applications.

EMAT

The course code for Engineering Materials at Lyceum International Maritime Academy.

LIMA

The acronym for Lyceum International Maritime Academy.

Absence Policy Limit

Absences equivalent to $20\%$ of contact hours will automatically drop the student from the course.

Classroom Door Lock Policy

The door will be locked $15\,\text{minutes}$ after the start of the class, and late students are considered absent.

Preliminary Examination Weight

Accounting for $30\%$ of the Mid-Term Grade.

Mid-Term Examination Weight

Accounting for $40\%$ of the Mid-Term Grade.

Mid-Term Performance Grade Weight

Accounting for $50\%$ of the total Final Grade.

Final Performance Grade Weight

Accounting for $50\%$ of the total Final Grade.

Course Credits

A weight of $4\,\text{units}$ for the Engineering Materials course.

Theoretical Contact Hours

A total of $4\,\text{hours}$ per week allocated for theory.

STCW Reference A-III/1

Standard for Officer in charge of an engineering watch in a manned engine-room or designated duty engineer officer.

KUP1

Knowledge, Understanding and Proficiency regarding Characteristics and limitations of materials used in construction and repair of ships.

Course Outcome 1 (CO1)

Distinguish appropriate materials for the construction and repair of ships and equipment.

Course Outcome 5 (CO5)

Analyze the importance of theoretical knowledge of materials technology with the operational condition of propulsion plants.

NSA Student Intake Limitation

The number of students that can be accommodated shall not exceed $20$ students.

Local Student Intake Limitation

The number of students that can be accommodated shall not exceed $40$ students.

Classroom Illumination Requirement

The classroom must be illuminated at exactly $50.76\,\text{Lux}$.

Standard Classroom Size

A minimum of $48\,\text{square meters}$ with no side less than $6\,\text{meters}$ for a class of $40$ students.

Metallurgy

The branch of science and engineering that studies the properties of metals, their production, and application.

Materials of Construction

Elements used in a commercially pure state or in combination for engineering purposes.

Metallic Materials Classification

Engineering materials categorized as either ferrous or nonferrous.

Ferrous Materials

Iron-based materials including steel, cast iron, wrought iron, and malleable cast iron.

Nonferrous Materials

Metals and combinations excluding iron, such as copper, tin, zinc, aluminum, magnesium, and titanium.

Nonmetallic Materials

Materials including wood, stone, brick, cement, concrete, resins, rubber, leather, and ceramics.

Atom

The basic unit of matter consisting of a central nucleus containing neutrons and protons, with electrons revolving around it.

Electron

A negatively charged subatomic particle that can be bound to an atom or free.

Electron Mass

$9.10 \times 10^{-28}\,g$ (or $1/1837$ of the mass of a hydrogen atom).

Proton

Positively charged particles located inside the nucleus of an atom.

Proton Mass

$1.672 \times 10^{-24}\,g$ (or $1836$ times the mass of an electron).

Proton Charge

$+1.601 \times 10^{-19}\,\text{coulombs}$.

Neutron

An electrically neutral subatomic particle with slightly more mass than a proton.

Neutron Mass

$1.675 \times 10^{-24}\,g$ (or $1839$ times the mass of an electron).

Nucleus

The central part of an atom composed of protons and neutrons that largely determine the atom's mass.

Quantum of Energy

The energy emitted when an electron jumps from a high energy shell to one of lower energy.

Atomic Number

The value determined by the number of protons in the nucleus of an element.

Valency Group

The outermost shell of electrons in an atom.

Valence Electrons

The electrons located in the outermost shell that participate in bonding.

Atomic Bonds

The mechanisms that bond atoms together, recognized as ionic, covalent, and metallic.

Ionic Bond

A bond formed by the transfer of one or more electrons between atoms, creating anions and cations.

Anions

Negative ions produced during electron transfer in ionic bonding.

Cations

Positive ions produced during electron transfer in ionic bonding.

Covalent Bond

A bond consisting of the mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms.

Metallic Bond

A bond where all atoms of the metal share each other's electrons, forming an electron gas or cloud.

Electron Cloud

A term describing the free-moving electrons within a metallic bond that account for electrical and thermal conductivity.

State of Matter

A way to describe the behavior of atoms and molecules in a substance (Solid, Liquid, or Gas).

Solids

Relatively rigid matter with definite volume and shape where atoms vibrate in place but do not move around.

Liquids

Matter with definite volume able to change shape by flowing, with loosely bonded atoms staying close together.

Gases

Matter with no definite volume or shape where atoms move freely and spread apart.

Carbon

A unique element forming more components than all other elements combined, distributed as $0.032\%$ of the Earth's crust.

Graphite

A pure crystalline form of carbon used for high-temperature crucibles, dry cells, and lubricants.

Diamond

A pure crystalline form of carbon used for jewelry decoration and industrial purposes.

Vegetal Carbon

An amorphous form of carbon used as a gas absorbent and bleaching agent.

Space-lattice

A distinct pattern in space where atoms of a metal arrange themselves when producing a substance.

Crystal

A three-dimensional array of atoms formed when lattices combine in a repeating order.

Amorphous Materials

Materials like glass where atoms or molecules are not in any definite arrangement or order.

BCC (Cubic Body Centered)

A crystal lattice structure found in metals like Fe, V, Nb, and Cr.

FCC (Cubic Face Centered)

A crystal lattice structure found in metals like Al, Ni, Ag, Cu, and Au.

Hexagonal Crystal Structure

A lattice arrangement found in metals like Ti, Zn, Mg, and Cd.

Crystallization

The physical phase transition of a liquid, solution, or gas to a solid crystal with an ordered internal arrangement.

Freezing Point of Metals

The temperature at which centers of crystallization (space-lattices) appear throughout a liquid mass.

Allotropy

The ability of a substance, like iron or titanium, to exist in more than one lattice form.

Allotropic Transformation

The change that occurs when a substance shifts from one lattice form to another.

Nonmetal Structure

Structures containing covalent bonds and individual molecules with localized electrons.

AB Packing

A packing arrangement where a second layer of atoms (B) moves into the spaces between the first layer (A).

Low, Medium, and High Carbon Steel

Specific types of ferrous metals categorized by their carbon composition.

Marine Ferrous Metal Properties

High strength and durability, but susceptible to rusting when exposed to moisture and oxygen.

Stainless Steel

A ferrous alloy with chromium added for enhanced corrosion resistance, critical for seawater applications.

Bronze and Brass

Copper-based non-ferrous alloys particularly relevant in maritime engineering contexts.

Aluminum Hull Construction

Preferred in marine engineering for its light weight and high strength-to-weight ratio.

Plastics

Non-metallic materials used for boat hulls and interior fittings due to being lightweight and water-resistant.

Teflon (PTFE)

Polytetrafluoroethylene, known for chemical resistance and low friction, used for gaskets and bearings.

Marine Wood Use

Traditional material used for decking, interior finishes, and temporary scaffolding.

Rubber

Flexible material used in marine systems for hoses, belts, and seals against water and oil.

GRP

Glass fiber-reinforced plastics, extensively used in ship hulls and superstructures for durability and corrosion resistance.

Fiberglass

A composite of glass fibers and polymer resin used for lightweight, strong marine components.

Resin Types

Binding agents in composites including polyester, epoxy, and vinyl ester.

Marine Concrete

Used for docks, breakwaters, and underwater structures due to its density and impermeability.

Automotive Metallurgy

The use of steel and aluminum to create lightweight, fuel-efficient high-strength alloys.

Aerospace Superalloys

Advancements like titanium and aluminum-lithium alloys designed to withstand extreme temperatures and stresses.

Construction Steel

Used in reinforced concrete, beams, and columns due to high tensile strength and versatility.

Construction Aluminum

Favored for window frames, roofing, and facades due to lightweight and corrosion-resistant properties.

Marine Metallurgy

Crucial for developing materials that can withstand harsh, corrosive marine environments in ship construction.

Railway Metallurgy

The use of steel for rails and wheels to improve durability and longevity.

Extraction of Metals

Physical and chemical processes to separate metal from ore.

Pyrometallurgy

High-temperature processes like smelting in a blast furnace to extract metals like iron.

Hydrometallurgy

The extraction of metals using aqueous solutions, such as cyanide leaching for gold.

Electrometallurgy

The use of electrical energy, like electrolysis for aluminum, to extract metals from ores.

Refining

The process of removing impurities from metals after extraction.

Electrorefining

A purification process where impure metal is the anode and pure metal deposits at the cathode via electrolysis.

Zone Refining

Moving a molten zone along a metal ingot to concentrate impurities at one end, used for high-purity silicon.

Distillation

A purification method where metals like zinc and mercury are vaporized and then condensed.

Engine Metallurgy

Development of components to withstand high temperatures, pressures, and corrosive environments in machinery.

Steel Engine Alloys

Used in engine blocks, crankshafts, and connecting rods for high strength.

Aluminum Engine Alloys

Used in pistons and cylinder heads to improve fuel efficiency through weight reduction.

Nickel-based Superalloys

Materials used in turbine blades for extreme heat and corrosion resistance.

Normal Stress

One of the different types of stress acting on materials under external forces.

Vibration Analysis

The study of displacement, velocity, acceleration, frequency, and amplitude in machinery.

Destructive Testing

Testing methods including tension, compression, bend, fracture, and fatigue testing.

Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)

Methods like ultrasonic, radiographic, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, and eddy current testing.

SOLAS/IACS Requirements

International requirements regarding the materials used for propulsion plants and shipboard auxiliary machinery.