Exam 4

Social psychology

studies how behavior is affected by other people

social cognitive

concerned with how we think about others

social influence

how others influence out behavior

person perception

we make judgments about characteristics and motives of people we meet

Explicit cognition

deliberate conscious process involved in our perceptions

implicit cognition

automatic unconscious social evaluation

implicit Association test

Measures speed to compare a concept with an attitude

stereotype

a generalization of a group that distinguishes them from others

factors of stereotypes

can be held by individual or group
based on group average
it's difficult to change stereotypes

in-groups

the groups we belong to

out-groups

the groups we don't belong to

Social Identity Theory

discusses how our tendency to put ourselves and others into groups affect our perception of individuals.

Out group homogeneity

we view outgroup members to be similar to each other

in group bias

we attribute more positive traits to our group and believe our group is better

Prejudice

a negative attitude towards members of a specific social group

the Three components of prejudice

Cognitive component
emotional component
behavioral component

cognitive component of prejudice

negative perceptions

emotional component of prejudice

hostile feelings

behavioral component of prejudice

discriminatory actions

Tajfel study(1982)

shows that ingroup and out groups even happens with trivial differences

Robbers Cave Experiment (Sherif et al. 1961)

Creating and overcoming prejudice
little boys going to camp different camp based on cabin
played separately ate separately
formed in group outgroups
they fought when told to hang out together
shared goal worked to get them to work together (food truck broke down, no water at camp.

Helping Behavior (Bystander effect)

Less likely to help in the presence of others. "Somebody else will help"

Darley and Latane (1968)

study that showed people tend to offer help if they know one else is around

conformity

Occurs when one adjusts behavior and opinions to match others. (hair styles, clothing, trends.)

Asch (1956)

Line length estimation study

Obedience

Obeying orders even if they know it wrong

Stanley Milgram's (1963)

a study of obedience involving "shocking" someone if they get a question wrong

What factors make people less likely to obey

Less authority, having to actively cause harm to someone, if someone also doesn't want to do it.

Health Psychology

Growing area of psychology concerned with the way psychologist can contribute to the promotion and maintenance of health

Biopsychosocial Model of Health

Biology (physically), psychology, and social factors are just as important in the development of disease as biological causes

Stress

a negative emotional state occurring in response to events perceived as taxing or exceeding ability to cope

sources of stress

major events (least), Minor annoyances (second), Chronic stress (Most).

Major events

Life changes, changes daily life in some way

minor annoyances

hassles, traffic, forgetting password

chronic stress

Relatively long-term unpleasantness, work, family stress, money problems, resource problems

resilience

How well you bounce back

Coping

Problem-focused, emotion-focused, Personal control

Problem-focused

tackles problem, removes problem

Emotion-focused

avoiding, "Forget about it for a while"

Personal control

how much control you feel you have

Negative emotion

more likely to have poor health

positive emotion

related to better health

Explanatory style

how one explains failures of defeat

Optimistic explanatory style

Uses external, unstable, and specific explanations for negative events.

Pessimistic Explanatory style

uses internal, stable and global explanations for neg events.

Type A vs. Type B personality

High strung, exaggerated time urgency vs. Laid back, relaxed, and calm

Stress management

Direct action, Palliative Measure

Direct Action

Includes action to change relationship to stress
avoid stress
escape stress
prepare against harm

Palliative Measure

Deals with symptoms rather than the source of stress (Drugs, Positive thinking, exercise.)

Psychopathology

Scientific study of the origins, symptoms and development of psychological disorders or abnormalities

abnormal

rare, statistically unlikely

psychosocial abnormality

goes against social norms, society disapproves or thinks it is strange

personal abnormality

for a given individual, they do not feel themselves

Heuristic

a mental shortcut or rule of thumb that reduces complex problem solving to simpler, rule-based decisions

representativeness heuristic

A heuristic where the chances of an object being in a category is evaluated on how much the object appears alike to one’s mental representation of the category.

availability heuristic

evaluate the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easily instances of it come to mind.

How did they overcome prejudice in Sherif 1961

shared goals worked to get them to work together (food truck broke down, no water at camp.

definition often used for Personal Abnormality?

a psychological condition that is contrary to One's "well-being"

Anxiety disorders

Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder
Specific phobias
social anxiety disorder
Posttraumatic stress disorder
obsessive compulsion disorder

Psychological or Mental disorder

pattern of psychological symptoms that cause significant personal distress or impairs one's ability to function

Generalized Anxiety disorder

Global persistent, chronic and excessive apprehension (lasting at least 6 months)
Anxiety revolves around a wide range of activates, and may not have any apparent justification

Panic disorders

Intense fear (of unknown source) -- sudden onset, trouble breathing, increase Heart rate, not enough O2, sweating trembling, catastrophic thoughts
causes agoraphobia (~4.7%)

specific Phobias

excessive fear of some object or situation (~12%)

agoraphobia

(~4%) wanting to stay home, not wanting to go outside

social anxiety disorder

(~12% at some point in life) Person is paralyzed with fear in social situations- avoids social interaction all together

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Long lasting disorder that develops in response to an extreme physical or psychological trauma. (Nightmares, flashbacks, hypervigilance, intense fear)

Obsessive Compulsion disorder

Acting out compulsive behavior to relieve tension associated with obsession

obsessive

recurring thoughts that are troublesome and persist when you try to avoid

compulsions

Behaviors a person feels compelled to preform repeatedly

what are the four main types of phobias

blood-injury-injection (BII) type, situational type (such as planes, elevators, or enclosed places), natural environment type for events one may encounter in nature (for example, heights, storms, and water), and animal type.

triple vulnerabilities

combination of biological, psychological, and specific factors that increase our risk for developing a disorder

Biological vulnerabilities

specific genetic and neurobiological factors that might predispose someone to develop anxiety disorders

Psychological vulnerabilities

refers to the influences that our early experiences have on how we view the world.

Specific vulnerabilities

how our experiences lead us to focus and channel our anxiety

Mood disorders

Major depression
Seasonal affective disorder
Bipolar disorder

Major depression

very common (16.6% of the population some point in life)
emotional- emotion is excessive and not always based on circumstances
Behavioral- Slow movements, crying, withdrawal from social activities
Cognitive- difficult concentrating, suicidal thoughts
physical- change in appetite and sleep patterns; lack of energy and reduced sex drive

Seasonal Affective disorder

Depression that tends to occur in the fall and winter months

Bipolar disorder

Bouts of depression alternates with manic states (depending on types of bipolar disorder) dont sleep, pressured speech, impulsive

factors involved in development and course of disorder

genetic factors, environmental factors, early adversity chronic stress

Personality disorders

Antisocial Personality disorder (psychopath or Sociopath)
Borderline personality Disorder, Paranoid personality disorder

Paranoid personality disorder

Constantly on guard, believing other will harm them

Anti-social Disorder

Psychopath or sociopath
Violating the rights of other- no guilt or remorse.

Symptoms for Anti-social disorder

not much distress; Grandiose (they think they're better than others) thinking, high self-confidence. 4 % of population generally, not killers but can be

Borderline Personality Disorder

Person is pathologically unstable. Relationships, self-image, and emotions are all unstable

Schizophrenia

"Split-mind"- departure from reality- most extreme mental disorder

what is the Schizophrenia spectrum a disorder of

cognition thinking emotion and perception

What is a positive symptom of Schizophrenia

Hallucinations
Disorganized thought and speech
Disorganized behavior

Grandeur

See self as famous or exaulted

reference

think chance events are directly related to them

persecution

think they are being conspired against

Types of illusion of false belief

Grandeur
Reference
Perception (paranoia)
being controlled- outside forces exert control on the individual

Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia

Flat affect
Avolition
Alogia

positive vs. negative symptoms

reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning vs. reflect absence or reduction of normal functioning

flat affect

diminished emotional expression

Avolition

inability to initiate self-directed behavior- may sit still for hours at a time, unable to engage in even simple actions

Alogia

Reduction in production of speech

insight oriented therapies

goal is self-understanding of motives and conflicts

Freuds Psychoanalysis

Conflicts between id, ego, and superego repressed because they cause anxiety. uses projective test. Therapy focuses on past experiences. Expensive

projective test

looking for Reoccurring themes

types of projective test

Free association
Rorschach Inkblot test
Thematic Apperception Test