Studied by 83 people
Social psychology
studies how behavior is affected by other people
social cognitive
concerned with how we think about others
social influence
how others influence out behavior
person perception
we make judgments about characteristics and motives of people we meet
Explicit cognition
deliberate conscious process involved in our perceptions
implicit cognition
automatic unconscious social evaluation
implicit Association test
Measures speed to compare a concept with an attitude
stereotype
a generalization of a group that distinguishes them from others
factors of stereotypes
can be held by individual or group based on group average it's difficult to change stereotypes
in-groups
the groups we belong to
out-groups
the groups we don't belong to
Social Identity Theory
discusses how our tendency to put ourselves and others into groups affect our perception of individuals.
Out group homogeneity
we view outgroup members to be similar to each other
in group bias
we attribute more positive traits to our group and believe our group is better
Prejudice
a negative attitude towards members of a specific social group
the Three components of prejudice
Cognitive component emotional component behavioral component
cognitive component of prejudice
negative perceptions
emotional component of prejudice
hostile feelings
behavioral component of prejudice
discriminatory actions
Tajfel study(1982)
shows that ingroup and out groups even happens with trivial differences
Robbers Cave Experiment (Sherif et al. 1961)
Creating and overcoming prejudice little boys going to camp different camp based on cabin played separately ate separately formed in group outgroups they fought when told to hang out together shared goal worked to get them to work together (food truck broke down, no water at camp.
Helping Behavior (Bystander effect)
Less likely to help in the presence of others. "Somebody else will help"
Darley and Latane (1968)
study that showed people tend to offer help if they know one else is around
conformity
Occurs when one adjusts behavior and opinions to match others. (hair styles, clothing, trends.)
Asch (1956)
Line length estimation study
Obedience
Obeying orders even if they know it wrong
Stanley Milgram's (1963)
a study of obedience involving "shocking" someone if they get a question wrong
What factors make people less likely to obey
Less authority, having to actively cause harm to someone, if someone also doesn't want to do it.
Health Psychology
Growing area of psychology concerned with the way psychologist can contribute to the promotion and maintenance of health
Biopsychosocial Model of Health
Biology (physically), psychology, and social factors are just as important in the development of disease as biological causes
Stress
a negative emotional state occurring in response to events perceived as taxing or exceeding ability to cope
sources of stress
major events (least), Minor annoyances (second), Chronic stress (Most).
Major events
Life changes, changes daily life in some way
minor annoyances
hassles, traffic, forgetting password
chronic stress
Relatively long-term unpleasantness, work, family stress, money problems, resource problems
resilience
How well you bounce back
Coping
Problem-focused, emotion-focused, Personal control
Problem-focused
tackles problem, removes problem
Emotion-focused
avoiding, "Forget about it for a while"
Personal control
how much control you feel you have
Negative emotion
more likely to have poor health
positive emotion
related to better health
Explanatory style
how one explains failures of defeat
Optimistic explanatory style
Uses external, unstable, and specific explanations for negative events.
Pessimistic Explanatory style
uses internal, stable and global explanations for neg events.
Type A vs. Type B personality
High strung, exaggerated time urgency vs. Laid back, relaxed, and calm
Stress management
Direct action, Palliative Measure
Direct Action
Includes action to change relationship to stress avoid stress escape stress prepare against harm
Palliative Measure
Deals with symptoms rather than the source of stress (Drugs, Positive thinking, exercise.)
Psychopathology
Scientific study of the origins, symptoms and development of psychological disorders or abnormalities
abnormal
rare, statistically unlikely
psychosocial abnormality
goes against social norms, society disapproves or thinks it is strange
personal abnormality
for a given individual, they do not feel themselves
Heuristic
a mental shortcut or rule of thumb that reduces complex problem solving to simpler, rule-based decisions
representativeness heuristic
A heuristic where the chances of an object being in a category is evaluated on how much the object appears alike to one’s mental representation of the category.
availability heuristic
evaluate the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easily instances of it come to mind.
How did they overcome prejudice in Sherif 1961
shared goals worked to get them to work together (food truck broke down, no water at camp.
definition often used for Personal Abnormality?
a psychological condition that is contrary to One's "well-being"
Anxiety disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder Specific phobias social anxiety disorder Posttraumatic stress disorder obsessive compulsion disorder
Psychological or Mental disorder
pattern of psychological symptoms that cause significant personal distress or impairs one's ability to function
Generalized Anxiety disorder
Global persistent, chronic and excessive apprehension (lasting at least 6 months) Anxiety revolves around a wide range of activates, and may not have any apparent justification
Panic disorders
Intense fear (of unknown source) -- sudden onset, trouble breathing, increase Heart rate, not enough O2, sweating trembling, catastrophic thoughts causes agoraphobia (~4.7%)
specific Phobias
excessive fear of some object or situation (~12%)
agoraphobia
(~4%) wanting to stay home, not wanting to go outside
social anxiety disorder
(~12% at some point in life) Person is paralyzed with fear in social situations- avoids social interaction all together
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Long lasting disorder that develops in response to an extreme physical or psychological trauma. (Nightmares, flashbacks, hypervigilance, intense fear)
Obsessive Compulsion disorder
Acting out compulsive behavior to relieve tension associated with obsession
obsessive
recurring thoughts that are troublesome and persist when you try to avoid
compulsions
Behaviors a person feels compelled to preform repeatedly
what are the four main types of phobias
blood-injury-injection (BII) type, situational type (such as planes, elevators, or enclosed places), natural environment type for events one may encounter in nature (for example, heights, storms, and water), and animal type.
triple vulnerabilities
combination of biological, psychological, and specific factors that increase our risk for developing a disorder
Biological vulnerabilities
specific genetic and neurobiological factors that might predispose someone to develop anxiety disorders
Psychological vulnerabilities
refers to the influences that our early experiences have on how we view the world.
Specific vulnerabilities
how our experiences lead us to focus and channel our anxiety
Mood disorders
Major depression Seasonal affective disorder Bipolar disorder
Major depression
very common (16.6% of the population some point in life) emotional- emotion is excessive and not always based on circumstances Behavioral- Slow movements, crying, withdrawal from social activities Cognitive- difficult concentrating, suicidal thoughts physical- change in appetite and sleep patterns; lack of energy and reduced sex drive
Seasonal Affective disorder
Depression that tends to occur in the fall and winter months
Bipolar disorder
Bouts of depression alternates with manic states (depending on types of bipolar disorder) dont sleep, pressured speech, impulsive
factors involved in development and course of disorder
genetic factors, environmental factors, early adversity chronic stress
Personality disorders
Antisocial Personality disorder (psychopath or Sociopath) Borderline personality Disorder, Paranoid personality disorder
Paranoid personality disorder
Constantly on guard, believing other will harm them
Anti-social Disorder
Psychopath or sociopath Violating the rights of other- no guilt or remorse.
Symptoms for Anti-social disorder
not much distress; Grandiose (they think they're better than others) thinking, high self-confidence. 4 % of population generally, not killers but can be
Borderline Personality Disorder
Person is pathologically unstable. Relationships, self-image, and emotions are all unstable
Schizophrenia
"Split-mind"- departure from reality- most extreme mental disorder
what is the Schizophrenia spectrum a disorder of
cognition thinking emotion and perception
What is a positive symptom of Schizophrenia
Hallucinations Disorganized thought and speech Disorganized behavior
Grandeur
See self as famous or exaulted
reference
think chance events are directly related to them
persecution
think they are being conspired against
Types of illusion of false belief
Grandeur Reference Perception (paranoia) being controlled- outside forces exert control on the individual
Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia
Flat affect Avolition Alogia
positive vs. negative symptoms
reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning vs. reflect absence or reduction of normal functioning
flat affect
diminished emotional expression
Avolition
inability to initiate self-directed behavior- may sit still for hours at a time, unable to engage in even simple actions
Alogia
Reduction in production of speech
insight oriented therapies
goal is self-understanding of motives and conflicts
Freuds Psychoanalysis
Conflicts between id, ego, and superego repressed because they cause anxiety. uses projective test. Therapy focuses on past experiences. Expensive
projective test
looking for Reoccurring themes
types of projective test
Free association Rorschach Inkblot test Thematic Apperception Test
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