Anatomy Chapter 3

Fibrous Pericardium

Outer layer of pericardium, protects and limit major movement

Parietal Pericardium

Layer of serous pericardium that contacts fibrous layer

Visceral pericardium

Layer of serous pericardium that contacts the epicardium

Pericardial Cavity

Space between viseral and parietal, filled with serous fluid

Auricles

Flaps covering the atria

Layers of heart wall

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Epicardium

Comprised of mesothelial cells, connective tissue, fat pads, vessels, nerves

Myocardium

Muscle layer of heart

Endocardium

Lines inner cavities of heart, comprised of smooth muscle, connective tissue, and subendocardial layer

Subendocardial layer

Deepest layer of endocardium connective tissue that contains the conduction system

Sinoatrial Node

Pacemaker of the heart, located in right atrium. Mediated by SNS (Increase), PSNP, Vagal tone (Decrease)

Atrioventricular node

Ectopic backup pacemaker, located in interatrial septum.

AV Bundles

Part of electrical conduction system, located at top of interventricular septum

Bundle Branches

Offshoots of av bundle, located on sides of interventricular septum

Purkinje Fibers

Part of electrical conduction system that runs up lateral walls of ventricles

Chordae Tendineae

Attach to AV Valves

Sulcus terminalis

Contains the right atrium and auricle, visible externally

Crista terminalis

Internal ridge of right atrium

Pectinate muscle

Internal ridges in myocardium

Coronary sinus

Largest vein of the heart, continues from great cardiac vein and its tributaries are small and middle cardiac vein.

Openings in right atrium

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, right AV orifice

Interatrial septum

Between left and right atria, originally a foramen ovale in fetus

Septomarginal trabeculae

Moderator band on right ventricle, spans anterior papillary muscle to ventricular septum. Prevents overdistention of ventricle and carries part of R branch of AV bundle to anterior papillary muscle

Orifices in left atrium

4 pulmonary veins

Right coronary artery

Supplies right atrium, most right vent, part of L vent, SA + AV nodes

Branches of right coronary artery

Right marginal artery, nodal artery, conus artery, post interventricular artery

Left coronary artery

Supplies left atrium, most left vent, part of right vent, SA + AV node

Branches of left coronary artery

Circumflex artery, left anterior interventricular artery (L ant desc a)

Branches of aortic arch

Brachiocephalic, LCCA, L Subclavian a.

Azygous V

Drains posterior thoracic body wall

Superior thoracic Aperture

Doorway between neck and thorax. Trachea, esophagus, vessels, and nerves

Inferior thoracic outlet

Contains diaphram, inferior vena cava, esophagus, aorta

True ribs

Ribs #1-7, attach directly to sternum anteriorly, posteriorly attach at 2 facets (Above & same vertebrae)

False ribs

Ribs #8-10, attach anteriorly to cartilage of rib #7. #8-9 attach posteriorly at 2 verts, #10 attachs at 1 vert

Floating rib

Ribs #11-12, free floating anteriorly, attach at 1 vert posteriorly

Scalene tubercle

Ridge on rib #1 for anterior/med scalene muscle to attach

Costovertebral joint

A gliding synovial joint that allow for respiratory movement. Articulates with head of rib and adjacent vertebral body

Costotransverse joint

Gliding synovial joint that allow for respiratory movements. Only found on ribs #1-10 (As they have tubercles)

Sternocostal Joint

Articulate with sternum + costal cartilage of ribs #1-7. Rib #1 with manubrium, rib 2-7 with sternum. Stabilized by sternocostal ligaments

Costochondral joint

Articulate with lateral costal cartilage and sternal end of rib

Manubriosternal Joint

Articulate with manubrium and body

Manubirum

Top part of sternum, articulates with clavicles and 1st & 2nd costal cartilage

Xiphisternal

Articulate with body and xiphoid process

What is between an intercostal space

Intercostal artery, vein, nerve, external intercostal muscle, internal intercostal muscle

Intercostal nerves

Nerves that innervate intercostal muscles. Span T1-T11.

Location of intercostal nerve T1-T6

Stay in intercostal space

Location of intercostal nerve T7-T9

Leave intercostal spaces for body wall

Location of intercostal nerves T10-T11

Pass directly to body wall

Subcostal Nerve

T12 nerve, mixed sensory that innervates lower abdominal muscle

Posterior Intercostal Artery

Intercostal vessel that is 1 per space

Anterior Intercostal Artery

Intercostal vessel that is 2 per space

Internal Thoracic Vein

Drains from anterior intercostal vv

External Intercostal Muscle

Elevate ribs during inhale

Interosseous Muscle

Part of internal intercostal muscle, depress ribs

Interchondral muscle

Intercostal muscle that elevates rib

Transversus Thoracis

Comprised of sternocostales, subcostales, innermost intercostal that wea

Levatores costarum

Thoracic wall muscles that elevate the ribs. Innervated by C8-T1

Openings of diaphragm

Vena cava foramen, esophegeal hiatus, aortic hiatus

What causes hiccups

Involuntary spasmic contraction caused by closure of the glottis

Fascia of Thorax

Pectoral fascia, axillary, clavipectoral, brachial, antebrachial

Muscles connecting uuper extremity and thoracic wall

Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, subclavius

Lactiferous ducts

Carries milk

Lactiferous sinuses

Stores milk

Breast lymph nodes

Parasternal, axillary, cervical

Costocoracoid membrane

Extends from subclavius muscle to pectoralis minor.

What passes through costocoracoid membrane

Cephalic vein, thoracoacromial artery, lateral pectoral n

Thoracic Duct

Largest lymph duct, from cicterna chyli to L brachiocephalic vein. Drains left head, neck, thorax, upper and ALL lower extremity

Right lymphatic duct

Drains only right upper body to right brachiocephalic vein

Laryngeal Nerve

Branch of vagus

Phrenic Nerve

Arise from rami of C3, C4, C5, mediastinal pleura + fibrous pericardium. Sensory and moves diaphragm

Types of parietal pleura

Cervical pleura, costal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura, mediastinal pleura

Costodiaphragmatic Recess

Made up of costal and diaphragmatic pleura. Create space for lungs to expand into

What is the lung hilum pierced by

Pulmonary arteries, superior & inferior pulmonary veins, bronchi, bronchial artery, lymph vessels & nodes

Terminal branches of lung arteries

Alveolar capillaries

Venous drainage of lung

Pulmonary vein, oxygen rich

Location of pulmonary artery

Right lung pulmonary artery is anterior to bronchus. Left lung pulmonary artery is superior to bronchus

Sympathetic effects on lungs

Vasoconstrict vessels, bronchodilate bronchi

Paranasal sinuses

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary

Parts of the pharynx

Naso, oro, laryngeo

Unpaired cartilage of larynx

Cricoid, epiglottis, thyroid

Paired cartilage of larynx

Arytenoid, cuniform, corniculate

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles

Infrahyoid & suprahyoid

What innervates the trachea

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

What innervates anterolateral walls

Ventral rami of T7-T1

What nerves are in L1

Iliohypogastric, Ilioinguinal

Quadratus Lumborum

Deep muscle of posterior abdominal wall

Action of quadratus lumborum

Fix 12th rib during inhale and trunk flexion

Innervation of quadratus lumborum

Lumbar plexus

Muscles of anterior abdominal wall

External abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transverse abdominus, rectus abdominus, pyramidalis

Rectus Abdominus Action

Compress, support abdominal visceral, flex, rotate trunk

Rectus abdominus innervation

Thoracoabdominal nerve & subcostal nerve

External Abdominal Oblique Action

Flex & rotate trunk

External Abdominal Oblique innervation

Thoracoabdominal nerve

Internal abdominal oblique action

Flex & rotate trunk

Internal abdominal oblique innervation

Thoracoabdominal nerve, L1 & L2 nerve

Transverse Abdominus innervation

Subcostal nerve, L1 nerve

What does superficial fascia subdivide into

Outer fatty, inner membranous

Transversalis Fascia

Loose areolar tissue located between muscle + peritoneum

What innervates the partietal peritoneum

Phrenic nerve, T7-T11, T12, L1 + L2

Inguinal Triangle

Region of inguinal that spans medial rectus abdominus to inferior epigastric vessels and inguinal ligament