blood exam

functions

transport:

oxygen, CO2, nutrients, hormones, waste products

regulate:

pH and osmosis; buffers help maintain normal pH of 7.35-7.45

protection:

protect against foreign substances, prevent blood lost, defend against pathogens and infection

blood made of

plasma: liquid portion, contains water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, waste products 55%

formed elements: RBC, WBC, platelets 45%

hematocrit

percentage of blood volume made up by RBC’s

hematocrit layers

top: plasma, mostly liquid

middle: buffy coat, contains WBC’s and platelets

bottom: RBC’s

albumin

most abundant plasma protein, helps maintain osmotic pressure, 58% in hematocrit

globulin

plasma protein, antibodies protect against microorganisms, 38%

fibrinogen

plasma protein responsible for clotting, 4%

RBC’s life expectancy

120 days

damaged RBC’s removed by macrophages in spleen, liver and other lymphatic tissue

hemoglobin gets broken down

hemoglobin breakdown

hemoglobin broken down into globin+heme

globin broken down into amino acids (can be reused)

heme broken down by iron being removed and recycled, remaining portion converted into bilirubin and travels to liver and is eliminated in bile

hemopoiesis

production of blood cells

where blood cells made

in infants: yolk sac of embryo, liver, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow

after birth: red bone marrow, lymphatic tissue

adults: red bone marrow in ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, femur, proximal humerus

blood counts

RBC

male: 4.5-5.9 million

female: 4.1-5.1 million

WBC

4,500-11,000

platelets

150,000-400,000

hemoglobin

male: 13.5-17.5 g/dL

female: 12-16 g/dL

blood doping

erythropoietin: RBC production

why: more RBC’s=more hemoglobin=greater oxygen carrying capacity

can potentially improve endurance

result: too many RBC’s make blood more viscous, increases risk of blood clots, stroke, heart attack, etc

blood viscosity

blood is thicker than water, RBC’s increase viscosity

anemia

reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood

iron-deficiency anemia

not enough iron to make adequate hemoglobin

hemorrhagic anemia

blood loss due to trauma, disorders, etc

hemolyticc anemia

RBC’s destroyed at excessive rate, from exposure to drug or snake venom

folate-deficiency anemia

inadequate folate = reduced number of RBC’s

leukemia

cancer of red bone marrow

four blood types

A, B, AB, O

antigens are on RBC’s, antibodies are in plasma and can bind to antigens

type A blood type

antigen: A

antibodies: anti-B

receive: A or O

donate: A or AB

tpye B blood type

antigen: B

antibodies: anti-A

receive: B or O

donate: B or AB

type AB blood type

antigens: A and B

antibodies: neither

receive: A, B, AB or O (universal recipient)

donate: AB only

type O blood type

antigens: neither

antibodies: both

receive: O only

donate: A, B, AB, O (universal donor)

Rh factor

RH antigen: Rh/D

Rh-positive: has Rh antigen

Rh-negative: doesn’t have Rh antigen

neutrophils

50-70% of WBC

phagocytes, ingest bacteria, first on site, fight bacterial infections

lymphocytes

20-40% of WBC

attach pathogens and produce antibodies, B cells and T cells

monocytes

2-8% of WBC

leave the blood and become macrophages in tissues, largest

eosinophils

1-4% of WBC

stain red, secrete chemicals to kill parasitic worms, attack allergens

basophils

1-4% of WBC

granules stain purple/blue

secrete histamines and heparin and kinins during inflammatory reactions

heparin: anticoagulant

kinins: attract neutrophils

histamine: increases inflammation

basophils increased in allergic reactions

granulocytes

have visible granules

agranulocytes

does not have visible granules

leukopenia

too few WBC’s

leukocytosis

too many WBC’s

hemostasis

stopping bleeding

vascular spasm

first stage of hemostasis: blood vessel constricts in damaged vessel and decreases blood flow

platelet plug formation

second stage of hemostasis: platelets stick to damaged area in blood vessel

coagulation

third stage of hemostasis: fibrin forms mesh that traps blood cells and strengthens clot

hemophilia

disorder involved impaired blood clotting

thrombus

clot that forms and remains in blood vessel

embolus

thrombus that broke loose into blood vessel