Speech System & Hearing System Review

Flashcards covering the speech and hearing systems, focusing on anatomy, physiology, and acoustics as outlined in the lecture notes.

Respiratory system

Source of egressive air flow in the speech system.

Phonatory/laryngeal system

Source of complex periodic sound in the speech system.

Articulatory and resonatory systems

Together these systems comprise the supralaryngeal system.

Supralaryngeal system

Everything above the larynx.

joints

The framework of the larynx is composed of bone, cartilages, and major .

Cricoarytenoid joints

Allow the arytenoids to rotate in and out, causing vocal fold adduction and abduction.

Cricothyroid joints

Allow the thyroid cartilage to tilt, lengthening and tensing the vocal folds.

Hyoid bone

A bone in the laryngeal skeleton.

Arytenoid

Paired cartilages in the larynx include cuneiform, corniculate, and _ cartilages.

Epiglottis

Unpaired cartilages in the larynx include thyroid, cricoid, and _ cartilage.

Intrinsic muscles

Muscles whose points of attachment are within the larynx.

Vocal Folds

Intrinsic muscles are responsible for abducting/opening and adducting/closing the .

Intrinsic muscles function.

Movement of the larynx and shutting off valving system

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

Attaches to the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages.

Arytenoid

The lateral cricoarytenoid muscle helps with the rotational movement of the _ cartilages

adductor

The lateral cricoarytenoid muscle is an .

Interarytenoid muscle

Located between the arytenoids

Interarytenoid muscle

Responsible for back and forth motion of arytenoid cartilages.

adductor

The interarytenoid muscle is an .

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

Attaches to the posterior side of the cricoid cartilage and arytenoid cartilages.

abducts/opens

The posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is the only muscle that _ the vocal folds.

Cricothyroid muscle

Attaches the posterior/back side of the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage.

elongates, tenses

The cricothyroid muscle and the vocal folds.

Thyroarytenoid muscle

The muscle of the vocal folds.

Phonation

Function of the thyroarytenoid muscle.

Extrinsic muscles

Muscles with one attachment in the larynx and one outside the larynx.

neck

Extrinsic muscles surround the larynx and anchor it in place within the .

valves

The larynx's soft tissue forms 3 sets of _ that keep food and liquid out of the lungs and produce a buildup of air pressure

True vocal folds

The most inferior of the laryngeal valves; absolutely essential for voice production.

Aryepiglottic folds, Ventricular (false) folds, True vocal folds

From superior to inferior, the laryngeal valves

Thyroarytenoid muscle

Most deep layer of the true vocal folds.

Lamina propria

A component of the true vocal folds; consists of deep, intermediate, and superficial layers.

Squamous epithelium

White, shiny surface of vocal folds.

Cover body

The true vocal folds are grouped by density and elasticity in the _ model.

thyroarytenoid

In the cover body model, the body consists of the _.

Lamina Propria

In the cover body model, the vocal ligament consists of deep and intermediate layers of .

Reinke's space and squamous epithelium

In the cover body model, the cover consists of which two parts.

Myoelastic aerodynamic theory of Phonation

The current theory on how the larynx phonates.

interarytenoids, lateral cricoarytenoid

In the Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory, vocal folds adduct (close) because of the contraction of the and muscles.

medial compression

The closed off vocal folds exert on the vocal folds.

sub-laryngeal

When the vocal folds adduct, they reduce the volume of the _ space.

cover

After a certain amount of time, it gets to be so much pressure that it eventually blows apart the _ of the vocal folds for a second and releases a burst of air.

Bernoulli’s principle

Because of , the air flowing through the narrow constriction of the opening increases air velocity and decreases air pressure.

Fundamental frequency (Fo)

The number of times the vocal folds open and close per second.

pitch

Fundamental frequency is perceived as .

Bernoulli's Principle

Helps us to understand why the vocal folds suck together.

increases, decreases

When air passes through a constriction, the velocity of the air and the pressure .

Vertical phase difference

Describes how the VFs move in 3-dimensional (3D) space.

Mucosal wave

Vocal fold motion (moves like jello)

body

The _ of the folds (thyroarytenoid muscle) does not move once it is adducted (closed)

cover

The _ of the folds creates the mucosal wave that gives up the vertical phase difference.

subglottal pressure

Increased is related to intensity.

loudness

Increased _ is related to force of VF closure and amount of subglottal pressure (Ps).

Pitch

Measuring how effectively your VFs are able to shorten and lengthen to adjust the pitch

Average fundamental frequency

Measures: what is your average pitch when you phonate “ah” at a comfortable pitch 3-4 times

Speaking fundamental frequency

Measures: what is your average pitch in connected speech

Maximum phonational frequency range

Measures: what is the highest and lowest pitch you can phonate at when producing “ah”

Frequency variability

Measures: what is the average range of your pitch when having a conversation

Jitter

Measures: are your VFs vibrating at a consistent rate (periodically) or inconsistent rate (aperiodically) when you phonate “ah”

Intensity

Measuring how effectively you can build up subglottal pressure to adjust the loudness of your voice

Average dB

Measures: what is the average loudness of your voice when you phonate “ah” at a comfortable volume

Average dB in speech

Measures: what is the average loudness of your voice when you have a conversation

Dynamic range

Measures: what is your loudness range when you phonate “ah” from the very softest to the loudest

dB variability

Measures: what is the range of softest to loudest voice you use in connected speech

Shimmer

Measures: the consistency of loudness over time

Voice Range Profile

A graph of a person’s dynamic range and maximum phonational frequency range

Vocal tract

Hollow muscular F-shaped tube made of a system of valves

Pharynx

Hollow muscular tube that makes up the throat

Vocal Tract Cavities

Pharyngeal, oral, and nasal

Tongue

Primary articulator in the vocal tract.

Lips

Important for sounds like /b,p,m,u/ - bilabial sounds

Mandible

The bone of the lower jaw

Velum (soft palate)

Important for sounds like /b, k/- velar sounds

Alveolar ridge

Important for English consonants like /t, d, n, s/

Maxilla

Part of the skull

Teeth

Embedded in maxilla; important for labiodental sounds /voiced th, f, s/

Hard palate

The palatine bone is important in sounds like /sh, ch/ - palatal sounds

VP port

The “doorway” between the oral and nasal cavity

velum, pharyngeal wall

If we want the VP port to close, the has to move up and the has to move forward

vowels

The VP port needs to be closed when producing _ and all other consonants (except nasals)

open

Tidal breathing = VP port _

moves up and down depending on what sound is being produced

Speech breathing = VP port _

place, voice, manner

Categorizing consonants is based on the , , and _.

Place

Place of articulation; point or location of the constriction or blockage of airflow

Voice

Are they voiced or voiceless (vocal fold vibration or no vocal fold vibration)

Manner

Manner of articulation; the degree and duration of the constriction of blockage of airflow

An x on the oral cavity (on F chart)

Indicates that there is some degree of closure/constriction on the vocal tract, making the sound a consonant

Tongue height & Tongue advancement

These are the two distinctions of vowels

Tongue height

Is the tongue high, mid, low

tongue

Moving the _ in the mouth changes the shape and size of the oral cavity

Tongue advancement

Is the tongue front, central, or back

orally

All vowels are _ resonated

vowels

Open vocal tract

consonant

Constricted airflow through vocal tract

increased resonance and increased acoustic energy

Unimpeded airflow through vocal tract

Acoustic differences between consonants

Dealing with manner

Duration

Categorized by transient and continuous sounds

transient sounds

Stops and Affricates

Continuous sounds

Fricatives, Liquids and glides, and nasals

VL obstruents

These are short and low energy sounds