40 Basics

Three types of adaptations that help maintain animal's internal environment.

form, function, behavior

What does natural selection favor in a population?

variations that increase relative fitness

Form corresponds to 

anatomy

Function corresponds to

physiology

What is a body plan?

the organism's design determined by genetic and developmental programs

What physical laws constrain body form?

strength, diffusion, movement, heat exchange

An example of evolution of body plan is that fast swimming aquatic animals have what type of body shape? What is the benefit?

fusiform/streamlined body shape; reduces drag

What is convergent evolution?

adaptations that are similar for unrelated species because environmental pressures are similar

Do larger animals need thicker or thinner skeletons? Why?

thicker skeletons; for support

If muscle mass increases disproportionately with size, what happens?

mobility is limited

What do animals need to exchange with the surroundings?

nutrients, gases, and wastes

What does exchange occur across in aquatic environments?

cell membranes

Does rate of exchange increase or decrease with surface area increase?

increase

The total amount of materials that needs to move in or out of the animal's body depends on what?

the volume of the organism or the number of cells it has

As size of something increases, the SA to V ratio decreases or increases? Is SA increasing or decreasing more than V as size increases?

decreases; decreasing

Amoebae use what for exchange?

entire surface

Hydrae body wall is how much thick? What do they do?

2 cells thick; contact water

Tapeworms have what body shape for diffusion with host's intestinal fluid?

flat body

What do large, complex animals have for exchange?

internal exchange surfaces with high surface area, interstitial fluid between cells, and circulatory fluid linking cells to exchange surfaces

What are the three exchange bodily systems? What is each's role?

digestive system for nutrient absorption, respiratory system for gas exchange, and excretory system for waste removal

What are the advantages of complex body plans?

protection, specialized sensory organs, internal digestion and regulation, and homeostasis

What is the hierarchical organization of body plan? Order them from smallest to largest. 

cell, tissue, organ, organ system

What is the structure and function of a cell?

basic unit; specialized for functions

What is the struc/func of tissue?

group of similar cells; common function

What is struc/func of organ?

several tissues; specific function

What is struc/func of organ system?

coordinated organs; complex body functions

What are the 4 types of tissues?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous tissues

epithelial tissues are what?

sheets of tightly packed cells that covers body surfaces and lines cavities

Which surface of epithelial tissues faces lumen or outside?

apical

Which surface of epithelial tissues faces inner tissue?

basal

What is the function and location of simple squamous epithelial tissue?

diffusion; lungs, vessels

What is the func/loc of stratified squamous epithelial tissue?

protection; skin, mouth

What is func/loc of cuboidal epithelial tissue?

secretion; glands

What is func/loc of columnar epithelial tissue?

absorption; intestine

What is func/loc of pseudostratified epithelial tissue?

mucus movement; respiratory tract

What is connective tissue?

sparse cells in extracellular matrix

What are the connective tissue cell types and their roles?

fibroblasts secrete proteins; macrophages defend

What are the fiber types of connective tissue and their functions?

collagenous for strength, elastic for flexibility, and reticular for joining tissues

Function of loose connective tissue?

holds organs and binds epithelia

Types and functions of fibrous connective tissue?

tendons bind muscle to bone; ligaments bind bone to bone

Functions of adipose connective tissue?

fat storage and insulation

Composition of cartilage connective tissue?

chondrocytes + chondroitin sulfate

Composition of bone connective tissue

mineralized matrix + osteons

Composition of blood connective tissue?

plasma + cells

What is muscle tissue? composition?

controls movement and contains actin and myosin filaments

Functions and composition of skeletal striated muscle tissue?

voluntary movement; composed of multinucleated fibers and sarcomeres

Function and composition and loc of smooth muscle tissue?

involuntary movement; composed of spindle shaped fibers; located in digestive and vascular walls

Composition of cardiac muscle tissue?

striated, branched fibers