BIO 50 LEC - ANAPHY INTRODUCTION

Anatomy

• Science of body structures and the relationships among structures

• Observation of parts, organs

• Touch, feel, manipulate

Physiology

• science of body functions

• cell, molecless, chemical reactions, explanations

Atoms → Molecules → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ System → Organism

Levels of Organization

Cells

• the basic structural and functional units of an organism; the smallest living units in the human body

• they are made up of molecules

Tissue

• groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function.

• they consist of similar types of cells

Organ

structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.

Organ System

• consists of related organs that have a common function

• consist of different organs tht work together closely

Organism

• made up of many organ systems

• Reproductive System

• Integumentary System

• Skeletal System

• Muscular System

• Nervous System

• Circulatory System

• Endocrine System

• Lymphatic System

• Digestive System

• Respiratory System

• Urinary System

Organ Systems

• Metabolism

• Responsiveness

• Movement

• Growth

• Differentiation

• Reproduction

6 Basic Life Processes

Metabolism

Chemical reactions within the body

Responsiveness

Ability to sense changes and react

Movement

• Locomotion

• Movement of substances

Growth

Increase in cell size and number

Differentiation

Specific function of cells

Reproduction

Perpetuation of species

Homeostasis

• Condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment

Homeo - 'unchanging' + Stasis - 'standing'

Homeostatic Regulation

• Adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis

• Dynamic

• Set point (range), compatible with life

Feedback System

Cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is continually monitored, evaluated, changed...

Stimulus

any disruption that changes a controlled condition

Feedback Mechanism

Ability of an organism to control its body functions in order to uphold a stable internal environment even when its external environment changes

Receptor

sends input to a control center (nerve impulse, chemical signal)

Control center

sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained

Effector

receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition

Negative Feedback

• reverses a change in a controlled condition

• e.g. sweating when hot, control of blood sugar

Positive Feedback

tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the bodies controlled condition

Disorder

derangement or abnormality of function

Disease

specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms

symptoms

subjective changes in body function that are not apparent to an observer

signs

objective change that can be measured and observed