SEHS UNIT 4.2 - Joint and Movement Type

Movement types

Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction, Rotation, Circumduction, Plantar, Dorsi, Supination, Pronation, Inversion, Eversion, Depression, Elevation

Muscle contractions

Isotonic, isometric, isokinetic

Isotonic muscle contractions

Concentric and eccentric

Flexion

Decreases the angle of a joint (bending)

Extension

Increasing the angle of a joint (straightening)

Rotation

Moving a bone around its own axis, with no other movement

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Circumduction

Circular movement of a limb at the far end

Plantar flexion

Pointing toes down

Dorsi flexion

Lifting toes up

Supination

Turning the palm upward

Pronation

Turning the palm downward

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward

Eversion

Turning the sole of the foot outward

Depression

Lowering a body part

Elevation

Raising a body part

Isotonic contraction

A muscle contraction where the muscle change in length pulling on the bone and producing movements of body parts.

Concentric

Where the muscle shortens as the fibres contract

Eccentric

Muscle lengthens under tension

Isometric

When a muscle contracts with no resulting movement

Isokinetic

A muscle contraction with constant speed

Reciprocal inhibition

The simultaneous contraction of one muscle and the relaxation of its antagonist to allow movement to take place.

Agonist

Prime mover - muscle which contracts to cause movement

Antagonist

Relaxes to allow movement. The triceps brachii when you flex your arm.

Why the antagonistic muscle relaxes?

Because the nerve impulse is restricted within the muscle, allowing the opposite muscle to contract.

What is Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness. (DOMS)

Micro tears in muscle fibres causing structural damage and inflammatory reactions in muscles; brought on by overstretching and overtraining the muscles.

Type of muscular contraction which primarily brings about the

onset of DOMS?

Eccentric contraction

How can DOMS be prevented?

Reducing amount of eccentric contractions under load during early stages of training.

Starting at a low intensity and gradually increasing the intensity/weight.

Warming up and cooling down effectively.