AP Psych - 4.3 MATCH Game Review

Role

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

ex// in a family, a mother has the rile if "taking care" of the children @ home, while a father may have the role of providing for the family

Social Norms

a group's expectations (unspoken rules) regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for its members' attitudes and behaviors

ex// shaking hands when meeting someone for the first time is a social norm in many cultures

Social Influence Theory

the theory the ppl's behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes are influenced by other ppl, groups, or social institutions

ex// sending a birthday card to someone who remembered your bday

Normative Social Influence

the influence others have on us because we want them to like us or to gain approval and avoid rejection

ex// laughing at a tasteless joke to fit into a group

Informational Social Influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

ex// conforming to a group's ideas because of belief that it has more knowledge of the facts

Central Route Persuasion

attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

ex// voting for a candidate because of agreeing with her stance on Fiscal Policy

Peripheral Route Persuasion

attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

ex// voting for a candidate because of her french bulldog

Halo Effect

the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

ex// why NFL quarterbacks are usually "attractive" and thus are the leaders of the team

Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

a persuasion strategy that involves enticing people to take small actions, then gradually asking for larger commitments

ex// asking a teacher to tutor one student before asking her to take on 2 more students

Door-in-the-Face Technique

a persuasion strategy involving making an unreasonably large request before making the small request we're hoping to have granted

ex// asking a teacher to tutor 3 students and then settling for asking them to tutot one student

Conformity

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

ex// walking at a faster pace in Manhattan to "fit in" with other New Yorkers

Obedience

the tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do

ex// an accountant that exaggerating revenue figures at company because he was following the orders of the CEO

Tight Culture

places with clearly defined and reliably imposed norms

ex// getting caned in Singapore for chewing gum and spitting it out

Loose Culture

places with flexible and informal norms; more tolerance for deviant behavior

ex// the bay area has a high tolerance for diverse behavior and lifestyles

Individualism

a social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective

ex// a person choosing a career based on their own interests rather than the family's expectations

Collectivism

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly

ex// "Great Firewal" of China blocking foreign websites to "protect" it's population

Multiculturalism

the practice of valuing and respecting differences in culture

ex// the U.S. is a "melting pot" of different cultures, celebrating Lunar New Year, Hannuka, Christmas, etc.

Group Polarization

tendency of group members to move to an extreme position after discussing an issue as a group

ex// after a group discussion of an idea, the group tends to converge on opposite sides of spectrum

Groupthink

individuals adhering to consensus rather than critically thinking

ex// a company pushing forward with a riskt product launch because everyone in the meeting agress, even though the risks are clear

Diffusion of Responsibility

tendency for ppl to feel less responsible for an action when others are present

ex// in a large crowd, ppl may be less likely to intervene if they see someone in distress, assuming someone else will help

Social Loafing

phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups

ex// if 4 students were able to collab on the AP psych test, each would be less likely to put in the required LTP

Deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

ex// at a 49ers game, losing unique personality while cheering and painting face red and gold

Social Facilitation

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

ex// tendency for westmoor rams to perform better while playing a home game at WHS

Social Trap

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

ex// pressing the snooze button on alarm for short term benefit and risking tardiness at school

Superordinate Goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

ex// putting off short term gains for the highest level of achievement (robbers cave)

Prosocial Behavior

socially desirable behavior that benefits others

ex// benefit of AP classes is being exposed to students with good study habits

Altruism

unselfish concern for the welfare of others, without expecting any personal gain

ex// donating a kidney to a stranger in need of transplant

Social Responsibility Norm

an expectation that people will help those needing their help

ex// helpijg a homeless person because you feel it is the right thing to do

The Bystander Effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

ex// not helping a windsurfer in distress on a crowded beach

Social Exchange Theory

the theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and minimize one's costs

ex// forming a relationship with another person on cost-benefit basis, helping someone because they expect that they will return the favor

Reciprocity Norm

the expectation that ppl will return favors or kindness extended to them

ex// giving a friend a bday gift with the expectation that they will give one to you in return