IB Geography Changing population

Population

The total number of people living in a place.

Crude birth rate

The number of live births of a given area during a given year, per 1,000 of the population.

Crude death rate

The number of deaths occurring among the population of a given area during a given year, per 1,000 of the population.

Natural increase

The difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths during the year. The natural increase (or natural decrease) is negative when the number of deaths exceeds the number of births.

Annual growth rate

The increase in a country's population during a period of time, usually one year, expressed as a percentage of the population at the start of that period. Reflects the number of birth and deaths and migration.

Total fertility rate

The average number of children a woman can expect to have given current fertility rates.

Replacement rate

The average number of children born per woman—at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next, without migration. This rate is roughly 2.1 children per woman for most countries.

Infant mortality rate

The number of deaths under one year of age occurring among the live births in a given area during a given year, per 1,000 live births.

Child mortality rate

The number of deaths under five years of age occurring in a given area during a given year, per 1,000 live births. i.e. Probability of dying between birth and exactly five years of age expressed per 1,000 live births.

Life expectancy

The average period that a person may expect to live.

Maternal mortality rate

The death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, from any cause related to the pregnancy or its management.

Family planning

The practice of controlling the number of children one has and the intervals between their births, particularly by means of contraception or voluntary sterilization.

Birth order

Refers to the order a child is born, for example first born, second born etc

Birth interval

Refers to the time interval from one child's birth date until the next child's birth date.

Population projection

Estimates of total size or composition of populations in the future based on current trends in fertility and mortality.

Population policy

purposeful measures undertaken by governments aimed at affecting demographic processes, (eg fertility, mortality, and migration.)

Anti-natalist

Population policies designed to decrease the crude birth rate.

Pro-natalist

Population policies designed to increase the crude birth rate.

Ageing population

This occurs when the median age of a country increases due to rising life expectancy and/or declining fertility rates.

Population momentum

Population growth at the national level that would occur even if levels of childbearing immediately declined to replacement level. This is because of the time lag as younger generations move into the fertile age bracket.

Economically active

Proportion of the population aged 15-64 in the working age.

Dependency ratio

A measure showing the number of dependents, aged zero to 14 and over the age of 65, to the total population, aged 15 to 64.

Demographic transition model

A model that describes population change over time of the observed changes, or transitions, in birth and death rates in industrialized societies over the past two hundred years.

Population pyramid

A graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age and gender groups in a population (aka an age-sex pyramid).

Population structure

The composition of a given population, which is broken down into categories such as age and gender.

Migration

The movement of people to live or work (usually for at least a year).

Immigration

People migrating to a country.

Emigration

People migrating out of a country.

Migration balance

Difference between immigration and emigration.

Illegal immigrants

Migration of people across national borders in a way that violates the immigration laws of the destination country.

Push factors

Aspect of the migrant's origin location that makes them want to leave.

Pull factors

Aspect of the migrant's destination that makes them want to migrate there.

Voluntary migration

Migration by choice.

Forced migration

Refers to the movements of refugees and IDPs as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, famine, or development projects.

Selective migration

Migration which involves one particular cohort of the population (eg. working women).

Refugee

An individual seeking refuge or asylum; especially : an individual who has left his or her native country and is unwilling or unable to return to it because of persecution or fear of persecution (as because of race, religion, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion)

Internally displaced person (IDP)

Someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders

Asylum seeker

Refugee who is hoping to be granted refugee status inthe destination country.

Rural to urban migration

Migration from the countryside to towns and cities.

Brain drain

Emigraion of intelligent, skilled or capable resources especially due to lack of high paying jobs.

Commuting

Periodically recurring travel between one's place of residence and place of work (not migration).

Norway

Great country to use as an example of gender equality. Male and female footballers get paid equally for representing this country, and there is a crack special forces unit called 'the hunter troop' made up entirely of women

Saudi Arabia

Women were allowed to watch a sports match in a stadium for the first time ever in September 2017, and women were allowed to legally drive as well - 2 very clear signs of reform and an attempt at promoting gender equality.

Agadiz

City in Niger - this is staging post for journeys across the Sahara desert to Libyan ports. Migrants pay people smugglers to get them across the desert in the hope of eventually making it to Europe

Nigeria

Vulnerable women and girls are trafficked from this country and forced into a life of exploitation in European countries such as Italy and Spain

two child policy

From 1st January 2016, this population policy came into effect in mainland China

core-periphery

term used to explain which countries are most involved, and least involved in decision making about the world economy. The world order is starting to change, especially after the belt and road initiative in China recently

Thomas Malthus

THEORY - Said that population would grow at a geometric rate, but food would only increase at an arithmetic rate - therefore, we will very soon be overpopulated - PESSIMISTIC VIEW OF WORLD POPULATION GROWTH

Esther Boserup

THEORY - OPTIMISTIC VIEW OF WORLD POPULATION GROWTH - we are an innovative species and will find ways of ensuring that we can provide for the greater number of people on the earth - for example, green revolution, HYVs, vertical rooftop farming in cities, etc.

The Demographic dividend

Refers to a bulge in the number of adults in an organisation. Occurs when fertility rate falls allows faster economic growth

Carrying capacity

The maximum number of individuals that a given environment can support with the resources available and without detrimental effects.

Preventive checks (on population)

Postponement of marriage, higher cost of food, etc

Positive checks (on population)

War, famine, disease - ie the deaths of people who are alive now