IPNNP 216 Final Review

Ethics in Nursing

Principles guiding nurses to respect patient rights, dignity, and well-being while ensuring professional integrity.

Key Elements of Nursing Ethics

Includes relations of ethics, code of ethics for nurses, and the Oberle & Raffin Model focusing on ethical decision-making.

Autonomy

Respecting patients' rights to make their own decisions.

Beneficence

Acting in the best interest of patients.

Non-maleficence

Avoiding harm to patients.

Justice

Ensuring fairness and equitable care.

Fidelity

Maintaining trust and confidentiality in nursing practice.

Communication in Nursing

Process of exchanging information effectively to ensure patient safety and collaboration.

Active Listening

Fully concentrating on the speaker to enhance understanding.

SBAR

Structured communication tool: Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation for patient updates.

Cultural Competency

Providing care that respects and integrates patients' diverse cultural values, beliefs, and practices.

Primary Prevention

Aims to prevent diseases before they occur by promoting wellness and reducing risk factors.

Examples of Primary Prevention

Includes vaccinations, health education, and healthy lifestyle promotion.

Vaccinations

Immunizations to prevent diseases like measles, mumps, rubella, and influenza.

Secondary Prevention

Involves early detection and treatment of diseases to slow or halt progression.

Examples of Secondary Prevention

Includes screenings (e.g., mammograms), early interventions for high-risk populations, and education on symptoms.

Tertiary Prevention

Minimizes the impact of existing diseases and improves quality of life.

Examples of Tertiary Prevention

Includes rehabilitation, chronic disease management programs, and support groups.

Epidemiology

The study of disease distribution, determinants, and control in populations.

Epidemiological Triangle

Concept that illustrates the interaction between host, agent, and environment in disease causation.

Modes of Transmission

Ways diseases are spread, including direct contact and indirect methods like vectors.

Incidence and Prevalence Rates

Metrics used to monitor how often diseases occur and their overall presence.

Surveillance in Epidemiology

Ongoing collection and analysis of health data to inform public health actions.

Community Nursing Process

A systematic approach including assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation to address community health needs.

Assessment in Community Nursing

Gathering data on community health needs through methods such as surveys, interviews, and health statistics.

Diagnosis in Community Nursing

Identifying priority health issues based on assessment data.

Planning in Community Nursing

Creating strategies to address identified health problems.

Implementation in Community Nursing

Executing health promotion and prevention programs based on the planning stage.

Evaluation in Community Nursing

Measuring outcomes and effectiveness of interventions.

Windshield Surveys

Observational assessments conducted by driving through neighborhoods to collect data on community conditions.

Focus Groups

Structured discussions with community members to gather insights about health needs.

Health Indicator Analysis

Analyzing data on specific health indicators to inform community health decision-making.

Intercollaboration in Healthcare

Collaboration among healthcare professionals to share knowledge and skills to improve patient outcomes.

Benefits of Intercollaboration

Includes enhanced comprehensive care, reduced errors, and improved patient satisfaction.

Challenges of Intercollaboration

Includes communication barriers, role confusion, and conflict among team members.

Home Visits: Environment

Assess for safety hazards, cleanliness, and adequacy of living conditions during home visits.

Patient Health Assessment

Evaluate the physical, mental, and emotional well-being of patients during home visits.

Medication Management

Ensure proper storage, adherence to prescriptions, and patient understanding of medications.

Family Support Evaluation

Check the availability of caregivers and social connections during home visits.

Tips for Effective Home Visits

Establish rapport quickly, observe non-verbal cues, and document findings thoroughly.

Men's Health: Heart Disease

Men are at higher risk for heart disease due to factors like hypertension, cholesterol, and lifestyle choices.

Men's Health: Substance Abuse

Men are more likely to engage in substance abuse, leading to long-term health complications.

Men's Health: Cancer Risks

Prostate and testicular cancers predominantly affect men, requiring targeted screening.

Women's Health: Autoimmune Disorders

Women are more prone to autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and multiple sclerosis.

Women's Health: Osteoporosis

Post-menopausal women face an increased risk of osteoporosis due to decreased estrogen levels.

Women's Health: Mental Health Issues

Women are more likely to experience anxiety and depression, influenced by various social factors.

Gender-Specific Health Education

Tailor health education and awareness programs to address specific risks for men and women.

Routine Check-ups

Encourage routine health check-ups specific to gender-related risks for early detection.

Trauma-Informed Care

A care framework recognizing and addressing the effects of trauma while emphasizing safety, trust, and empowerment for patients.

Understanding Trauma's Prevalence

Acknowledges the common occurrence of trauma in individuals' lives and its influence on behavior and health.

Avoiding Retraumatization

Ensures care processes are sensitive to avoiding practices that may trigger past traumatic experiences.

Building Supportive Relationships

Encourages providers to engage in active listening and validation to foster trust with trauma-affected patients.

Incorporating Patient Input

Values the perspectives of patients in their care, promoting their autonomy in decision-making.

Screening for Trauma History

Implementing routine tools to identify past traumatic events to tailor interventions for patient needs.

Providing a Safe Environment

Establishes physical and emotional safety within healthcare settings to help patients feel secure and valued.

Harm Reduction

Strategies aimed at minimizing the negative consequences of high-risk behaviors, particularly substance use.

Needle Exchange Programs

Initiatives allowing individuals to exchange used syringes for clean ones, reducing the spread of bloodborne infections.

Safe Consumption Sites

Supervised spaces where individuals can use drugs safely under medical supervision, reducing risk of overdose.

Education on Overdose Prevention

Programs that teach individuals how to recognize and respond to overdoses, including use of naloxone.

Impact of Harm Reduction

Reduces transmission of infections (e.g., HIV, Hepatitis C), promotes engagement with health services, supports recovery care.

Passive Immunity

Immunity acquired through transfer of antibodies from another source, either naturally or artificially.

Active Immunity

Immunity generated by exposure to antigens, resulting in long-lasting protection.

Key Difference: Passive Immunity

Temporary immunity that does not involve the immune system generating its own response.

Mediation

A neutral party or process used to resolve conflicts by facilitating mutual understanding and agreement.

Key Roles of a Mediator

Encourage open communication, maintain neutrality, and focus on collaborative problem-solving.

Applications in Nursing for Mediation

Resolving workplace disputes, addressing patient-family conflicts, and facilitating interdepartmental collaboration.

Team Building and Synergy

Fostering trust, communication, and collaboration to achieve improved team performance and patient care.

Techniques for Team Building

Shared goal setting, team-building activities, and open and respectful communication.

Benefits of Team Building

Enhances morale, increases productivity, and improves patient outcomes.

Conflict Resolution Strategies

Approaches include collaborating, compromising, avoiding, accommodating, and competing.

Collaborating

Working together for a win-win solution.

Compromising

Finding a mutually acceptable solution.

Avoiding

Delaying resolution when necessary.

Accommodating

Prioritizing others’ needs over one’s own.

Competing

Asserting one’s position when quick decisions are required.

Tools for Conflict Resolution

Active listening, problem-solving frameworks, and mediation.

Workplace Violence

Any threat, harassment, or physical violence in the workplace, particularly in healthcare settings.

Horizontal Violence

Peer-to-peer aggression, such as bullying, gossiping, or undermining colleagues.

Delegation

The process by which a nurse assigns tasks to other healthcare team members while retaining accountability for the outcomes.

Autocratic Leadership

A leadership style characterized by centralized decision-making with high levels of control.

Transformational Leadership

A leadership style that inspires and motivates team members to exceed expectations.

Future of Nursing

Trends shaping the profession include increased use of technology, focus on preventive care, and advancing nursing education.