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What is the basic structure of DNA and where is it located in the cell?
Anti-parallel double helix in the nucelus
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA is double-stranded & found in the nucleus of cells.
RNA is a single-stranded & found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, involved in protein synthesis.
DNA uses the bases A, T, C, and G.
RNA uses A, U, C, and G, with uracil (U)
DNA is more stable and long-lasting
RNA is more versatile and can have various functions, such as messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
Which is the proper directionality to record a sequence of DNA?
5’ to 3’
What is Dr. Rosalind’s Franklin’s role in the discovery of the double helix?
Her X-ray crystallography images provided crucial evidence for the structure of DNA, revealing its helical nature and spacing of its bases. Her work greatly influenced the understanding of DNA's structure and laid the foundation for Watson and Crick's model.
The Central Dogma
Process that explains how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. DNA is transcribed into RNA in the nucleus, then the RNA is translated into protein in the cytoplasm
True or False: the “scientific method” is not static, and science doesn’t exist in a vacuum.
True
What is the basic unit of DNA and what is it made up of?
A nucleotide - made up of a phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and a base
What are the four bases in DNA NOT RNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
Phosphodiester Bonds connect to form what?
Phosphate Backbone
Which nitrogen bases bind to what?
A -T
C -G
What is the name of the thing that the DNA strand wraps around of bunch of and eventually forms the chromosome?
Histone
What type of bond exists between nucleotides?
Hydrogen
How many chromosomes pairs are in somatic cells? Gamete?
23 Pairs - somatic
23 individual - gamete
What is the path of gene expression?
DNA —> RNA —> Protein —> makes something useful to the cell
Helicase
Unzips DNA strands
DNA Dependent Polymerase Role?
adds complemental nucleotides to growing strand
RNA Primer Role?
starting point for DNA polymerase to add nucleotides
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
by adding DNA polymerase primers, and nucleotides, DNA replication processes can be replicated to make billions of copies in a few hours.
can be used for molecular cloning or sequencing
Introns vs Exons
introns — non coding
exons — coding
Coding Strand vs Template Strand
Coding Strand: The strand of DNA that has the same sequence as the mRNA, except with thymine (T) instead of uracil (U).
Template Strand: The strand of DNA that is used as a guide during transcription to synthesize mRNA. It has a complementary sequence to the mRNA, with adenine (A) pairing with uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).
Codon
A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid or serves as a start/stop signal for protein synthesis.
Characteristics of A Virus
acellular (no cytoplasm or organelles)
core of genetic material (RNA or DNA)
capsid (protein shell to protect the core)
not alive
What are the five stages of the viral life cycle in a host cell?
Attachment
Entry
Replication & Gene Expression
Assembly
Release
What are the four stages of the viral life cycle in an individual?
Exposure
Infection
Illness
Spread
Describe the Anatomy used by the SARS-CoV2 virus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2)
Made of capsid proteins
spike protein
membrane protein
envelope protein
nuclueocapid protein
RNA Genetic Material
Lipid Membrane (not all viruses have it)
Compare & Contrast the benefits of different Viral Classification
Structure
Symptoms
Genomics
Replication Mode
type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
# of strands (single or double)
Sence (+ or -)
Antivirals
treatment that targets the viral life cycle at the host cell level
What are the other names for coding and template strand?
Coding - sense strand
Template - antisence
Describe the Replication Strategy used by the SARS-CoV2 virus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2)
Attachment, entry, and disassembly of virion
Translate portion of ssRNA(+) genome into RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) and other necessary proteins —> Spike proteins, other structural proteins
Use the RdRP to make a complimentary strand of RNA (-) then ue it again to convert it back to (RNA+) ——> do this many times to create many copies of the RNA genome and keep translating it
*viruses have to encode its own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase because our cells don’t make it
When a virion enters a cell, what ae the two main goals it needs to accomplish to successfully make new copies of itself?
replicate its genetic code
create necessary proteins from its genetic code