zoology test one

zoology

study of animal life

anatomy

study of the structure of organisms and how different structures relate to one another

physiology

study of the function of anatomical structures

embryology

division of developmental biology that studies the rapid changes that take place after fer

genetics

study of heredity, the transmission of biological traits from parents to offspring

taxonomy

formal system for naming and grouping animals

list taxonomic divisions

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

what are the rules for writing scientific names?

Genus (first letter capitalized) species (first letter lower case) = underlined when writing, italicized when typing

evolution

study of all the changes in the characteristics and diversity of life on earth throughout its history. Mutation is the raw word for evolution

species

Organisms that are reproductively isolated (be able to produce and their offspring be able to reproduce), they have a shared gene pool, and gene flow does not occur between populations of different species.

homologous structures

Have a common evolutionary origin but some forms may have different functions

analogous structures

Have similar functions in unrelated organisms. Also known as convergent evolution.

vestigial structures

Non-functional structures that evolved from functional structures in ancestors.

ecology

study of the relationships of plants and animals to the environment.

cytology

study of cells

histology

study of tissues

mammalogy

the study of mammals

ornithology

the study of birds

herpetology

study of amphibians and reptiles

ichthyology

study of fishes.

invertebrate zoology

study of animals without a vertebral column

vertebrate zoology

study of animals with a vertebral column.

entomology

study of insects

protozoology

study of single-celled animals, protozoans

parasitology

study of parasites, organisms that live on or in another organism

helminthology

subdivision of parasitology. It is the study of parasitic worms

True or false:all mammals give birth to live young

FALSE

true or false: all fish have a bony skeleton

FALSE. ex: sharks

vector

a living organism that spreads infectious diseases. Fomite is an inanimate object that spreads disease.

reservoir host

an animal that harbors disease humans are susceptible to

definitive host

host in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity

intermediate host

parasite does not reach sexual maturity. Still necessary for completion of life      cycle

enedmic/enzootic

disease is always present in a region (human/animals)

cyst

resistant form in the environment. Mode of transmission (how the next host gets infected)

trophozoite

active feeding form in the intestine. Divides by binary fission

zoonosis

disease that is interchangeable between humans and animals. Two-way street

list shared characteristics of the phylum ciliophora

Cilia, rigid pellicle, distinct cytostome, dimorphic nuclei

what are suctorian cilliates?

Feed through tube-like tentacles

describe positive taxis and negative taxis (locomotor responses) in ciliates

Positive is movement towards a stimulus. Negative is movement away from a stimulus (avoiding reaction)

describe the symbiotic relationship between some ciliates and their herbivore hosts

Protozoans help break down cellulose

conjugation

Exchange of micronuclei between paired ciliates

list the two parasites in phylum ciliphora and their hosts

Balantidium coli- host is pigs and humans.

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis- host is wild fish.

what are dinoflagellates

marine protozoa that contain various pigments such as chlorophyll

what phylum has some species that are the most important primary producers in marine environments

dinoflagellata

how are protozaoa classified by feeding method?

autotrophy, heterotrophy

autotrophy

making organic nutrients from. Inorganic substrates.

heterotrophy

take in preformed organic nutrients

phagotrophy

particulate feeding. type of heterotrophy

osmotrophy

absorption of nutrients. type of heterotrophy

what are three methods of protozoan locomotion? give examples

-        Cilia: Paramecium

-        Flagella: Euglena

-        Pseudopodia: amebas

function of nucelus

houses DNA. Nucleoli: make ribosomal DNA

function of macronucleus

somatic nucleus. Controls metabolism and growth

function of micronucleus

reproductive nucleus. Undergoes meiosis prior to conjugation

function of mitochondria

aerobic production of ATP

function of hydrogenosome

anaerobic ATP production

function of golgi apparatus

package products from ER -vesicles

function of plastids

contain photosynthetic pigments

function of extrusomes

vesicles from Golgi that discharge contents outside the cell

describe steps of phagocytosis

1.     Formation of a food vacuole.

2.     Fusion with a lysosome

3.     Exocytosis of waste

cytostome

“mouth” structure for endocytosis. Where food vacuoles form.

cytoproct

site of exocytosis. Mostly ciliates.

Some parasitic protozoans are intracellular, feeding inside host cells. What are the three general mechanisms for host cell entry?

Active penetration, host cell-mediated phagocytosis, and the subversion of host membrane repair (lysosome recruitment)

how is most nitrogen excreted?

simple diffusion

what organelle functions in osmoregulation?

contractile (water) vacuole

why do many protozoans have to eliminate excess water?

To prevent their cells from swelling and bursting due to osmotic pressure. Contractile vacuole helps in this.

binary fission

asexual reproduction; parent cell -> 2 identical daughter cells (mitosis, cytokinesis)

multiple fission (aka schizogony)

asexual reproduction; repeated divisions of nucleus plus other organelles prior to cytokinesis

syngamy

sexual reproduction; fusion of gametocytes = zygote

conjugation

sexual reproduction; exchange of micronuclei between paired ciliates.

What environmental conditions can cause encystment?

Change in temperature, desiccation (drying out/water levels), salinity (fresh vs salt water), pH (pollution), food availability, oxygen.

Why is this stage important for some protozoan parasites?

Critical for survival and disease

What stimulates excystment?

Return of favorable conditions, conditions in host digestive system

what is unique about the colorless dinoflagellate Noctiluca?

bioluminescent when disturbed

What is the ecological importance of the zooxanthellae dinoflagellates?

Mutualistic (both species benefit) with marines and vertebrates. Clams, corals, sea anemones

what is a red tide?

bloom of toxin-producing dinoflagellates that kills marine life

what is ciguatera?

toxin concentrated in coral reef food chain

What is the significance of Pfiesteria piscicida?

Toxin causes fish kills along the Atlantic coast. Flesh eating, second bacterial infection.

What is the significance of the parasite Hematodinium perezi?

Ingest oxygen-binding proteins in crab blood. Responsible for crab kills along the coast

this phylum contains organisms that possess a combination of structures called an apical complex and all are parasitic. some are of major medical and vet importance

phylum apicomplexa

what animals are definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii

cats

what animals are intermediate host of Toxoplasma gondii

mammals, birds

what humans are most at risk for Toxoplasma gondii

Humans that are immunocompromised, pregnancy (problem     with fetus, not mom)

how are humans infected with Toxoplasma gondii?

Eating raw food (mostly meat), soil/litter box = cysts from the feces,       fetus gets it through the placenta.

what disease is caused by Plasmodium spp.

malaria

what is the vector of Plasmodium spp.

Anopheles (mosquito)

Why is malaria now a much worse problem in Africa than it was 30 years ago?

Resistance of mosquitoes to the pesticides and plasmodium’s resistance to anti-malarial drugs.

What is the relationship between sickle cell trait and resistance to malaria?

People with sickle cell trait have a natural partial resistance to severe forms of malaria.

What parasite causes a similar disease to Plasmodium spp. in cattle?

Babesia bigemina

what is the vector of Babesia bigemina

ticks

Members of this group form cell extensions called pseudopodia when moving and feeding

Amoeboid Protozoans

what is a test?

Protective structure secreted by cytoplasm

What are “naked” amoebae?

naked means no test

Where are naked amoebae normally found?

any fresh water

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebic dysentery. what are the vectors?

roaches and flies

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebic dysentery. What are important epidemiological factors?

Fecal contamination of water, poor sanitation

What disease is caused by Naegleria fowleri?

Primary amebic meningoencephalitis

how does Naegleria fowleri enter the body

Through the nose (cribriform plate/nerves)

What disease is caused by Acanthamoeba spp.?

Amebic keratitis (inflammation of cornea – clear outer part of eye)

Depending on development in the insect host, flagellated protozoans (trypanosomes) is divided into what two groups?

salivaria and stercoraria

trypanosoma salivaria is endemic to which continent?

Africa