Period 6 Part 2

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30 Terms

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Ghettos

Urban neighborhoods dominated by a single ethnic, racial, or economic group.

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Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones, often accompanied by anti-immigrant sentiment.

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Eugenics

A pseudoscience aimed at improving the human population by controlling breeding to increase desirable traits.

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Melting Pot

A metaphor for a society where various racial, ethnic, and cultural groups blend into one.

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Push Factor

Conditions that drive people to leave their homeland, such as poverty, oppression, or war.

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Pull Factor

Conditions that attract immigrants to a new area, such as economic opportunity, freedom, or better living conditions.

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Frontier Thesis

Frederick Jackson Turner's argument that the frontier experience shaped American democracy and character.

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Tenements

Overcrowded and poorly maintained apartment buildings that housed many urban working-class families.

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Sweatshops

Small factories or workshops where employees worked long hours under poor conditions for low wages.

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Political Machine

A party organization, led by a single boss or small group, that commands enough votes to maintain control over local government.

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Political Boss

The leader of a political machine who wields significant influence and often engages in corruption.

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Tammany Hall

A New York City political machine associated with the Democratic Party and known for corruption.

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Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act

A 1883 law establishing a merit-based system for federal employment to reduce corruption and patronage.

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Settlement House

Community centers in urban areas providing assistance to immigrants and the poor.

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Social Gospel

A religious movement advocating that Christians should address social issues like poverty and inequality.

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Gilded Age

The late 19th century, characterized by rapid industrialization, economic growth, and political corruption, masked by an appearance of prosperity.

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Corporate Capitalism

An economic system dominated by large corporations that control production and distribution.

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Laissez-faire

A policy of minimal government interference in economic affairs.

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Social Darwinism

The application of Darwin's theory of natural selection to human society, often used to justify inequality.

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The Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie's essay advocating that the wealthy have a duty to use their wealth for the public good.

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Depression of 1893

A severe economic downturn caused by railroad overbuilding, bank failures, and reduced international trade.

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Billion Dollar Congress

The 51st Congress (1889-1891) that spent excessively, leading to increased tariffs and pensions.

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Grangers

Members of the National Grange, a farmers' movement advocating for rural communities and government regulation of railroads.

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Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

A federal agency created to regulate railroads and ensure fair rates and practices.

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Farmers' Alliances

Regional organizations of farmers that sought economic and political reforms in the late 19th century.

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Subtreasury System

A proposed system where farmers could store crops in government warehouses and receive low-interest loans.

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Sherman Silver Purchase Act

A 1890 law requiring the government to buy silver to increase money circulation, benefiting farmers and miners.

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Populists

Members of the People's Party, a political movement advocating for reforms to aid farmers and laborers.

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Coxey's Army

A protest march to Washington, D.C., in 1894 led by Jacob Coxey, demanding government jobs for the unemployed.

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Williams v. Mississippi

An 1898 Supreme Court case upholding literacy tests and poll taxes, effectively disenfranchising Black voters.