GEC 102: Theories on How the Philippines Was Inhabited (Wave Migration vs Evolution)

Flashcards cover Beyer’s Wave Migration Theory and Jocano’s Evolution Theory, including key groups, timelines, evidence, strengths/weaknesses, comparisons, and notable examples.

What is the main idea of H. Otley Beyer’s Wave Migration Theory?

The early Filipinos came from outside the Philippines through a series of waves of migration.

How many waves are proposed in Beyer’s Wave Migration Theory, and which groups are included?

Four waves: Dawn Man (hypothetical), Negritos (Aeta), Indonesians, Malays.

Which group did Beyer associate with the first significant wave arriving via land bridges around 30,000 years ago?

Negritos (Aeta).

Around what time did Malays arrive in Beyer’s theory, and who are they considered the ancestors of?

Around 300 BCE; ancestors of today’s lowland Christian Filipinos.

What are the strengths of Beyer’s Wave Migration Theory?

It offers a structured timeline and is widely taught in early Philippine history education.

What are the weaknesses of Beyer’s Wave Migration Theory?

Based on outdated archaeological data and lacks genetic/archaeological evidence for strict wave migrations.

What is the main idea of Felipe Landa Jocano’s Evolution Theory?

Filipinos are products of long-term cultural evolution within the region, not necessarily migrants.

What is a key claim of Jocano’s Evolution Theory about ancestry?

Early inhabitants of Southeast Asia, including the Philippines, share a common regional ancestry.

What evidence supports Jocano’s Evolution Theory?

Tabon Man (~50,000 years ago) and Callao Man (~67,000 years ago) indicating local development.

What is Tabon Man's significance in Jocano’s theory?

Part of gradual evolution of early humans in the Philippines, not an outsider or migrant.

What is Callao Man's significance?

Dated around 67,000 years ago, older than Tabon Man, supporting local evolution.

What does 'Cultural Continuity' indicate in Jocano’s theory?

Continuous development of tools, pottery, and burial practices across the Philippines, not sudden migration shifts.

How do Beyer’s and Jocano’s theories differ in origin and process?

Beyer: origin outside, process in waves; Jocano: origin inside within Southeast Asia, process gradual evolution.

Which contributions are attributed to Malay migrants in Beyer’s theory?

Introduction of agriculture, boat-building, and the barangay system; Ifugao rice terraces linked to Malay migrants.

What do Tabon Man and Callao Man illustrate in the context of these theories?

Evidence for internal evolution and regional continuity in the Philippines.